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Kingdom of Hawaii History.rtf

KINGDOM OF HAWAI'I HISTORY and RESOLUTION
1792 - Paiea (future King Kamehameha the Great of Hawaii Nei) and Capt. George Vancouver established a strong relationship between Hawaii and Great Britain and a close personal friendship which later included his wife Ka'ahumanu.  Vancouver had been a crew member with Capt. Cook when Kamehameha I and he developed a strong friendship whereby Kamehameha I picked Vancouver's brain about the Western civilization and their inter-relationships among the other countries and type of warfare, etc.  Vancouver also mediated between Kamehameha I and Ka'ahumanu when they had lover's jealousies and spats.
The Hawaiian flag used the Union Jack on the corner to persuade visitors that Hawaii was protected by the British.  Kamehameha also became indignant if the English claimed any jurisdiction over Hawaii which contradicted the assertion he had ceded sovereignty to Capt. Vancouver for the British Government.  
1795 - 1819 - Kamehameha I established the Hawaiian Kingdom (1810) as all islands fell under his rule.
1818 -  The Kingdom of Hawaii was the first nation to recognize Argentina's sovereignty and independence.
1820 - The U.S. American missionaries from Boston, Massachusetts arrive in Hawaii.  Hawaiians distrusted them with good reason and so Kamehameha II went to Great Britain to personally try to gain a firm agreement for permanent protection.  As fate would have it, the King and his Queen consort died of measles (which is questionable) while they were there; but did get an assurance they had sought.
http://digital.library.cornell.edu/n/nora/
Making of America, The North American Review 1815 - 1900

 U.S. - concerning Hawaii
1820 - Boston missionaries arrive in Hawaii with the mindset of the doctrines of Manifest Destiny.
23 Dec. 1826 - A treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation but not ratified by U.S. Congress.  "The presevation of Hawaii from domination or control of any other great nation is essential to the welfare of the United States..." (policy initiated by U.S. President John Quincy Adams in 1826).  He coined this argument that is still used today.  This is the first formal recognition by any of the great powers
1836  and in 1844 - British treaty with the Hawaiian Kingdom.
1839 - French Treaty with the Hawaiian Kingdom.  The Hawaiian Declaration of Rights signed by King Kamehameha III.
1840- Declaration of Rights become the Preamble and the first constitution is signed and enacted.  The King voluntarily gives up his absolute title and creates a Constitutional Monarchy patterned after Great Britain.
3 Oct. 1840 - The Polynesian newspaper has an editorial, "Hawaii versus Sandwich Islands"; it prophetically concludes: "Nothing tends more rapidly to denationalize a people than to change their language. ..."
1849 - The appelate, Sandwich Islands officially changes to Hawaiian Islands.  Native Hawaiians were more accustomed to using, "Hawaii nei pae aina" (these Hawaiian Islands) and didn't like the name, Sandwich Islands, they owned the name Hawaii and persisted to use it in reference to their country.  After 1849, one never really heard Sandwich Islands used and Hawaiian Islands took permanent usage for the Island Kingdom.  The name was now imbeded in the Treaty of 1849 between the U.S. and Hawaii.  The U.S. was overjoyed at the name-change because it was a British name in honor of the Earl of Sandwich.

U.S. PLAYERS IN THE HAWAIIAN SITUATION

The doctrines of Manifest Destiny is the basis of Europe and its colonies throughout the world.  Its ethnocentric mindset and theocratic WASP racist societies promotes Christianity as a white nationalism religion worldwide.  This was developed with a series of the Roman Catholic Church Papal Bulls of:
1095 ad Terra nullius ( Empty land) right to discovery to claim land in non-Christian areas; inhabitants were considered less than human; thus leading to the "brutal dispossession and enslavement and slaughter of the indigenous population.

1452 ad Dum Diversas to reduce any Saracens (Muslims), pagans, and non-Christians to perpetual slavery; thus the birth of West African slave-trade.
1455 ad Romanus Pontifex reaffirms "Dum Diversas" and the use of military force, rather than peaceful evangelisation to to justify expansionism and colonialization for monetary profit and in the name of Jesus Christ.  It gave a free-hand to invade, search out, capture, vanquish, enslave, rape, pillage, kidnap, murder, commit genocide, and torture non-white indigenous people who are considered less human, inferior animals.

1493 ad Inter Caetera to instruct inhabitants and anyone living therein the area in the Catholic faith and train them in good Christian good morals.  This was embraced by all Christians no matter what denomination or off-shoot churches.  It spawned racism that non-white people are sub-human therefore have no human rights.
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1820 - The Boston WASP missionaries were only doing their blind patriotic duty in carrying out the doctrines of Manifest Destiny.  They brought the WASP bible and the plow to set the wheels in motion while the U.S. military soon followed with the rifle.  Hence, began the covert and overt actions of the U.S. in earnest to control and takeover the fledling Kingdom of Hawaii.
1823 - Supreme Court case, Johnson v. McIntosh; the Doctrine of Discovery was embedded in U.S. law to deny land rights to Native Americans. The united decision automatically stripped them of all rights to their independence as Chief Justice John Marshall wrote that the Christian European nations had assumed complete control over the lands of America during the "Age of Discovery."   Marshall added that since winning their independence from Great Britain, they had inherited all lands where the Native Americans who had no independence rights were mere occupants, tenants and living on the lands of the U.S.  The ruling is foundational to Federal Indian Law and giving U.S. Congress claim to plenary power over "Indian" nations/indigenous.
1826 - Concerted effort effort to takeover the Hawaiian Kingdom manifested by the then U.S. President John Quincy Adams.  He coined the argument that the U.S. must have Hawaii before another country takes it.  By 1841, the efforts concentrated  as we recognize the men involved in seeing to it that the Hawaiian Kingdom would one day be theirs.  The constant plotting had not ceased until the alleged 1959 Statehood Organic Act was enacted; then the U.S.A. felt safe and untouchable.
1841 - U.S. President William Harrison, a known expansionist and pro-slavery was considered lively, active, but shallow-minded person by his peers.
1841-45 - U.S. President John Tyler was a strict constructionist and an avid pro-slavery slave owner who extended the Monroe Document to include the Hawaiian Islands in

1842.  It was he that initiated the annexation of Texas which ended with a Joint Resolution for statehood thereby setting U.S. precedent and with Mexico on international matters.  His hawkishness pulled the U.S. into war with Mexico manipulated by him.  U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant rued the day when Tyler's actions would bring shame and great trouble for the U.S.   The same as President Grover Cleveland referred to the Hawaii incident in the future.
Tyler also voicing the sentiments and in like-mind of Secretary Daniel Webster...in an address to Congress: "It cannot but be in conformity with the wishes of the government and people of United States that this [Hawaiian] community...should be respected and all its rights strictly and conscientiously regarded.."
 In 1845, John L. O'Sullivan, a well-known editor and a democratic leader, instilled the Doctrine of Discovery with a distinctive American style when he created the term Manifest Destiny to support U.S. expansion and claims to new territory:
".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty… is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."
This gave U.S. citizens the idea of an inevitable natural right to expand the nation and to spread "freedom and democracy"; but only to those deemed capable of self-government, which they believed didn't include Blacks or Native Americans.
1845-49 - U.S. President James K. Polk, a firm believer of Manifest Destiny and an avid expansionist and slave-owner, signed a Joint Resolution to annex Texas as a State of the U.S.; McKinley used the same tactic but used a Joint Resolution to annex Hawaii as a Territory of Hawaii to the U.S.
1849 - In U.S. President Zachary Taylor's message, "...render their [Hawaii's] destiny peculiar interestin to us."  He voiced the same concerns of Tyler.
1850 - A more elaborate treaty ratified between U.S. and the Kingdom of Hawaii.
1851 - U.S. President Millard Fillmore expressed hope that the differences between France and Hawaii might be settled.  This was long before the events which have of late imparted so much importance to the possessions of the U.S. on the Pacific, we acknowledge the independence of the Hawaiian Government.
France was attempting to annex Hawaii; so King Kamehameha III executed a treaty to ceded Hawaii to the U.S. with the request for protection against France.  U.S emphatic position pevented further foreign aggression and retuened the document to the King.
In 1854, a full treaty of annexation to the U.S. was being negotiated but the King's untimely death foiled to consummate it.  The Hawaiian Kingdom Subjects were greatly relieved and were always vehemently against annexation to any nation as demonstrated by otrageous protest against it whenever the topic came up.  
1863 - William Shubrick, Commodore of the Pacific Fleet said, "United States has a very real political view towards extending its reach into Hawaii once the United States obtained the Pacific Coastline."
Boston Hawaiian Club was formed in January 1866.  They kept up-to-date statistics of resources, economy, produce, financial records, and political climate, etc.   They had a strong voice in the U.S. Congress and data that it needed.
1868 - U.S. President Andrew Johnson ascended to the presidency due to Abraham Lincoln's assassination.  He was the first president to be impeached in U.S. history and during its volatile Reconstruction policies controversy.  He also vetoed legislation that extended civil rights and financial support for the former slaves and violated the Tenure of Office Act in 1867.  He recommended a Treaty of Reciprocity with the Hawaiian government and suggested a wait till Hawaii's people voluntarily apply for annexation; the Subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom vehemently opposed any ceding of Pearl Harbor and believed it would lead to the abhored annexation to the U.S.
The Reciprocity treaty was not confirmed until1876.  In 1873-75, General John M. Schofield under the cover of vacationing for his health, spied and surveyed central and southwest O'ahu, favoring Pearl Harbor as the only natural outpost to the defense of the U.S. Pacific coast.
1881 - U.S. Minister (retired) General James Munroe Stuart Comly who was appointed by U.S. President Rutherfor B. Hayes to Hawaii, sent concern of British interest in the islands.  U.S. Secretary James G. Blaine sent dispatch - concerned about European powers' influence on Hawaii.  In 1882, Blained sent another dispatch stating the Hawaii is a key to dominion of American Pacific.
1885-85 - U.S. President Chester Arthur, although personally honest, closed his eyes to unethical practices incompetency, and graft in his office.  All the while, the U.S. Secretary of State, James Gillespe Blaine, continued to sway influence over U.S. Congress, its political climate in Washington, D.C. and throughout a few of  the presidential adminstrations.  Blaine ran against Cleveland and lost the election.
1885-89 and 1893-97 terms of U.S. President Stephen Grover Cleveland who warned, "... on foreign affairs, conscience should always be the one dominant force."  During this time, James G. Blaine was accused of being unethical in conduct as Speaker of the House.  Being a pro-annexationist and expansionist, Blaine was attempting to reduce British involvement in the strategically located Kingdom of Hawaii.  
U.S. Secretary of State, James G. Blaine enlisted Lorrin Andrews Thurston (grandson of early missionaries that arrived in Hawaii from Boston, Massachuesetts who was known as a hot-headed lawyer, racist and a legislator with dual citizenship) to destabilize the Hawaiian Kingdom's government.  The ultimate goal was to take over the government and to make way for annexation to the United States of America.  
Thurston received a supporting message from President Benjamin Harrison: "You will find an exceedingly sympathetic administration here." referencing the intrigue of the invasion, takeover and setting up the U.S-sponsored and protected  Provisional Government.   Blaine and Thurston both communicated with each other frequently to plot out a plan to achieve it.  Thurston asked Blaine how far could he go before setting precedent in the international arena and its laws.
In Hawaii, the treasonous handful secretly met with Thurston at the Central Union Church to plot out the foul play to commit the crime to do harm for U.S. political ends,  Thurston kept updated from his buisiness office with Blaine and later with U.S. Minister John L. Stevens. once he arrived in Hawaii.  They used the pretext that American lives were in dangeer and threatened.  The other consuls in Honolulu from around the world were oblivious to any threats made and the residents that were there, were unaware of any disturbances.  It wasn't till much later after the fact that they discover what had happened in their peaceful town.
1889-93 - U.S. President Benjamin Harrison was the son of former U.S. President William Harrison; both who had a firm defence of U.S. American interests.  He was a Pro-annexationist and Manifest Destiny advocate like U.S. Minister John Leavitt Stevens, James G. Blaine and many top officials in the U.S. government.  Failure to annex Hawaii during his term of office greatly vexed him as he felt the U.S. in dire need to have Hawaii as an expendable outpost to protect the U.S. from its enemies and competition such as Great Britain, France, and Germany.   Blaine and President Harrison wished to see U.S. America's power and trade expanded across the Pacific; particularly in securing rights to harbors in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii and Pago Pago, Samoa.
Blaine wrote to Harrison of a desire for some territorial enlargement of the United States:
"I think there are only three places that are of value enough to be taken ... One is Hawaii and the others are Cuba and Porto Rico [sic]. Cuba and Porto Rico are not now imminent and will not be for a generation. Hawaii may come up for decision at an unexpected hour and I hope we shall be prepared to decide it in the affirmative."[143]
John Leavitt Stevens and James G. Blaine were close firends and in 1854 were partners in The Kennebec Journal, a newspaper, for 14 yrs.  Prior to that Stevens was an activist Universalist minister for ten years.  Both of them began pushing the formation for Maine's Republican Party which led them to political careers in the U.S. government.  Both men were pro-annexationists and Stevens was appointed U.S. Minister for Paraguay and Uruguay.  He was kicked out of those countries because he was trying to incite the people there to revolt and annex their countries to the United States.  He was then sent to Sweden until things cool down a bit.  By then Blaine became U.S. Secretary of State and used Stevens in his collusion to stage a fake revolution  and the takeover of the Kingdom of Hawaii.  The Ultimate prize would be the annexation of the Hawaiian Kingdom to the United States.
March 1892 - Stevens wrote to his co-schemer, asking how far he might deviate from standard State Department rules if a native revolutionary movement emerged. "The golden hour is near at hand," Stevens later wrote him. "So long as the islands retain their own independent government there remains the possibility that England or the Canadian Dominion might secure one of the Hawaiian harbors for a coaling station. ... annexation excludes all dangers of this kind."[16]
"The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe, and this is the golden hour for the United States to pluck it. ”   —John Leavitt Stevens
1892-93 - The Subjects of the Kingdom urged the Queen to abrogate the Bayonet Constitution which was never ratified and restor the previous constitution which was never abrogated.   The Queen eventually drafted a new constitution similar to the Hawaiian Constitution of 1864 and look for approval from her cabinet members.  Since they were part of the conspiracy, they put the Queen off to stall her.  People waited anxiously on the palace grounds in anticipation for the proclamation.  It never came; instead the Queen asked the people to be patient a bit more and when she can get it to all her cabinet members to sign it and passed in Legislature, she will then make the announcement.
16 January 1893 - U.S. Minister John L. Stevens landed the U.S. troops and positioned them in the front of the palace.  The townspeople thought they were there to go through their exercise and maneuver practices.  They bivouacked at the rear near the opera house which concealed them from the palace.  After the Committee of Safety sent its formal request to Stevens, the traitors were getting cold feet and wanted to put it off.  Stevens told them no and for them to be ready because he wasn't changing plans and for they to be at the designated spot.  They fear any attack from the Queen's guards but Stevens assured them that he would have the troops to protect them
17 January 1893 - . There was no way that the Committee of safety could back down; so they proceded as planned.  The troops were fronting the palace and were not more than 30 feet away from the treasonous group.  The Annexation Club members weren't notified because it would draw attention with what they were doing.  The tiny party of the Committee of Safety huddled on the front steps of the government building along with U.S. Minister Stevens while they made their proclamation in safety; once they finished, Stevens immediately acknowledged them and recognized the Provisional Government without controlling the government buildings and palace, the armory/barracks which was behind and on the Diamond Head-side of Iolani  palace and out of view from where they made their proclamation.  They didn't even have control of the police station.
It was later that after noon when Queen Liliuokalani who was at her residence next to St. Andrew's Cathedral had learned of what transpired when the cowardly ipso facto Provisional Government went to see her and ask for her surrender.  They convinced her that to save lives (mostly their own) she could petition to the U.S. government for redress but as of now, the Provisional is under the protectorate of the U.S.  Under duress, she surrendered conditionally to the U.S. until learning the facts, it would restore her as the rightful head of state for her government and protest the actions of the U.S. agents.
At a later time they asked her to abdicate and presented the papers for her to sign.  They told her to sign it as Mrs. John Dominus.  I guess they wanted to humiliate her.  So, she signed it as they had told her.  She did but the laugh was on them because that wasn't her signature and reigning monarch which she should have signed it that way to make it legal.
Upon hearing of their success, Presiden Harrison anxiously awaited for the PG representatives to arrive to submit the treaty of annexation for Hawaii.  The Queen and her party was refused to sail with them on the same ship to journey to Washington.  She took the next ship to America then on to Washington; when she got there, President had already submitted the treaty to the Senate.  It was Harrison's last few days in office and when Grover Cleveland was sworn into office, he withdrew the treaty of annexation, being alarmed at the possible rammifications of such act, which enraged Harrison as he saw it fit to annex Hawaii before leaving office.
17 July 1893 - U.S. Commissioner James Henderson Bount of Georgia, appointed by U.S. President Grover Cleveland, visits Hawaii to investigate the incident; interviewing both parties who offered their place for him to stay which he refused and took up quarters in a neutral place.  One of the first thing he did was to have them remove the U.S. American flag from the palace and other government buildings.  He took a non-partisan stance when he interviewed everyone involved in the affair and filed his report to the U.S. House of Representatives Foreign Relations Committee which presented it to Congress.  Cleveland concluded that U.S. actions in Hawaii was an act of war.  
26 February 1894 -  U.S. Senator John T. Morgan of Alabama, a well known Grand Dragon of the Klu Klux Klan (KKK). is a firm believer of Manifest Destiny, expansionism, and pro-annexationist.  His intention in annexing Hawaii is so that they can purge North America of all the "negroes" and relocate all of them to Hawaii.  Hence, he chaired the Senate report in Washington, D.C. as he took testimony from the U.S. Americans and those who made up of the Provisional government and those in the military.  He totally ignored the Queen and her supporters or those he surmised would not give a good account in favor thepro-annexationists.  He received written testimony from some of the U.S. Americans in Hawaii.  
The upshot of it was he exonerated the U.S. and all that were involved except the Queen whom he condemned  and being responsible for the incident.  He claims she abrogated the Bayonet Constitution and in doing so, Hawaii was in a lawless state and the Americans had to re-establish law and order.  The U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations presented the Morgan Report to Congress.
31 May 1894 - David Turpie presents the Turpie Resolution which terminated President Cleveland's attempt to restore the Queen as a direct result of the Morgan Report.  U.S. Congress had declared against any further intervention against the Provisional Government or the Queen; despite the Queen's protest for the U.S.A. to right the wrong created by its representatives; so the U.S. and any of its government officials, as well as, any other nation throughout the world must not interfere or it will be taken as an unfriendly act against the United States of America.  
Turpie's Resolution included the President's wishes to make it sound more democratic and stated, "That of right it belongs wholly to the people of the Hawaiian Islands to establish and maintain their own form of government and domestic polity; ..."       
Congressional Record, 53 Cong. 2 sess., p. 5499 (31 May 1894).
4 July 1894 - Feeling smug, arrogant, confident and protected by the U.S.A., the cowardly traitors declared their ipso facto, the Republic of Hawaii to coincide with the U.S.A.'s Independence Day which they felt they'd soon be annexed by their own country, the U.S.A.   
16 June 1897 - Still under the protection of the U.S. military while its military occupation uses its civilian arm to govern and their own white American "Hawaii" troops, the so-called Republic of Hawaii ratified a treaty of cession to resubmit to the U.S.
17 June 1897 - Again the Official Protest by Queen Liliuokalani was presented, which is consistent with her initial protest of 17 January 1893.
8 October 1897 - Loyal Subjects and supporters of the Hawaiian Kingdom wrote a Memorial to debunk the Treaty of Cession to the U.S. as not being representative wishes of the Subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom.  Varied Petitions amounted to over 40,000 signatures or about 96% of the total Hawaiian Subjects known as the Ku'e Petitions of 1897.  This in itself is a plebiscite or referendum that answers the Turpie Resolution as to our wishes; that we support out own independent nation-state that we still have, albeit under U.S. prolonged belligerent occupation.
20 November 1897 - Four chosen men were sent to Washington, D.C. to present the Memorial and the Ku'e Petitions (which began in September 1897) to protest the annexation and for restoring the Queen and her Hawaiian government.  Once again, the Treaty of Annexation was rejected by the U.S. Congress due to failing to garner 2/3rds majority votes.  
7 July 1898 - To the surprsie of Hawaii's Subjects and their short-lived victory, U.S. Congress unlawfully passed the Newland's Resolution by a simple majority to annex the Kingdom of Hawaii.  Annexation can only be enacted through a ratified treaty in both nations who are in agreement.  It's never through a resolution which is a domestic bill of one country that doesn't have jurisdiction within another country.   The U.S. Constitution decrees 2/3rds majority vote by the senate present to ratify treaties which become the supreme law of the land.
 RECAP:
* High-officials of the United States of America, many of whom are firm believers of Manifest Destiny, expansionism, imperialism, and pro-annexation plotted covert and overt actions to fulfill their political, economic, power, and control agenda.
 * They committed and act of war by invading, taking over, and belligerently occupying a friendly neutral nation with whom it has several treaties of perpetual friendship as a favored nation, comity, commerce, navigation,
* Continuously violates the laws of occupation, laws of neutrality, human rights, breach of treaties; absconds with the national treasury; commits genocide, culturacide, and ethnocide, theft of land and resources.
 REMEDY
*  De-occupation process; de-militarize, and clean-up.
* Reparations, restitution, and restoration.
* Re-establish language, education, government, economy, and sustainability.
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Interesting read:
The Hawaiian Situation. I.  The Invasion of Hawaii [The North American Review/volume 157, Issue 445, December 1893
Note: Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) accompanies all bills enacted to prevent hidden laws.
Agreements under duress is not binding. ___ Common law as early as Esau's time in the Old Testament.
English Common law --- child of ambassador or other diplomatic agent of a foreign state or if an aklien enemy in hostile occupation of the place where the child is born is not natural born of that country but maintains citizenship of parents.
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