While in grade school and high school, I was very aware of these laws and it was one of the reasons I was against statehood and the U.S. belligerent occupation. I detested what the U.S. actually stands for. The Akaka Bill is the continuance of this kind of mind-set. Few people realize that we did better as the Kingdom of Hawai'i; the rest have been brain-washed and conditioned to think otherwise.The U.S. is still suffering from this malady and promote the WASP racist Manifest Destiny doctrines as what they've been confronted in the past which has been manifested in other ways; but still apparent in their conduct today.U.S. Jim Crow Laws and Miscegenation LawsHere is a sampling of laws from various states:NursesNo person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which negro men are placed. AlabamaBuses All passenger stations in this state operated by any motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races. AlabamaRailroadsThe conductor of each passenger train is authorized and required to assign each passenger to the car or the division of the car, when it is divided by a partition, designated for the race to which such passenger belongs. AlabamaRestaurantsIt shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each compartment. AlabamaPool and Billiard RoomsIt shall be unlawful for a negro and white person to play together or in company with each other at any game of pool or billiards. AlabamaToilet Facilities, MaleEvery employer of white or negro males shall provide for such white or negro males reasonably accessible and separate toilet facilities. AlabamaIntermarriageThe marriage of a person of Caucasian blood with a Negro, Mongolian, Malay, or Hindu shall be null and void. ArizonaIntermarriageAll marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited. FloridaCohabitationAny negro man and white woman, or any white man and negro woman, who are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars. FloridaEducationThe schools for white children and the schools for negro children shall be conducted separately. FloridaJuvenile DelinquentsThere shall be separate buildings, not nearer than one fourth mile to each other, one for white boys and one for negro boys. White boys and negro boys shall not, in any manner, be associated together or worked together. FloridaMental HospitalsThe Board of Control shall see that proper and distinct apartments are arranged for said patients, so that in no case shall Negroes and white persons be together. GeorgiaIntermarriage It shall be unlawful for a white person to marry anyone except a white person. Any marriage in violation of this section shall be void. GeorgiaBarbersNo colored barber shall serve as a barber [to] white women or girls. GeorgiaBurialThe officer in charge shall not bury, or allow to be buried, any colored persons upon ground set apart or used for the burial of white persons. GeorgiaRestaurantsAll persons licensed to conduct a restaurant, shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to the two races within the same room or serve the two races anywhere under the same license. GeorgiaAmateur BaseballIt shall be unlawful for any amateur white baseball team to play baseball on any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of a playground devoted to the Negro race, and it shall be unlawful for any amateur colored baseball team to play baseball in any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of any playground devoted to the white race. GeorgiaParksIt shall be unlawful for colored people to frequent any park owned or maintained by the city for the benefit, use and enjoyment of white persons...and unlawful for any white person to frequent any park owned or maintained by the city for the use and benefit of colored persons. GeorgiaWine and BeerAll persons licensed to conduct the business of selling beer or wine...shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to the two races within the same room at any time. GeorgiaReform SchoolsThe children of white and colored races committed to the houses of reform shall be kept entirely separate from each other. KentuckyCircus TicketsAll circuses, shows, and tent exhibitions, to which the attendance of...more than one race is invited or expected to attend shall provide for the convenience of its patrons not less than two ticket offices with individual ticket sellers, and not less than two entrances to the said performance, with individual ticket takers and receivers, and in the case of outside or tent performances, the said ticket offices shall not be less than twenty-five (25) feet apart. LouisianaHousingAny person...who shall rent any part of any such building to a negro person or a negro family when such building is already in whole or in part in occupancy by a white person or white family, or vice versa when the building is in occupancy by a negro person or negro family, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five ($25.00) nor more than one hundred ($100.00) dollars or be imprisoned not less than 10, or more than 60 days, or both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court. LouisianaThe BlindThe board of trustees shall...maintain a separate building...on separate ground for the admission, care, instruction, and support of all blind persons of the colored or black race. LouisianaIntermarriageAll marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent, to the third generation, inclusive, or between a white person and a member of the Malay race; or between the negro a nd a member of the Malay race; or between a person of Negro descent, to the third generation, inclusive, and a member of the Malay race, are forever prohibited, and shall be void. MarylandRailroadsAll railroad companies and corporations, and all persons running or operating cars or coaches by steam on any railroad line or track in the State of Maryland, for the transportation of passengers, are hereby required to provide separate cars or coaches for the travel and transportation of the white and colored passengers. MarylandEducationSeparate schools shall be maintained for the children of the white and colored races. MississippiPromotion of Equality Any person...who shall be guilty of printing, publishing or circulating printed, typewritten or written matter urging or presenting for public acceptance or general information, arguments or suggestions in favor of social equality or of intermarriage between whites and negroes, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to fine or not exceeding five hundred (500.00) dollars or imprisonment not exceeding six (6) months or both. MississippiIntermarriageThe marriage of a white person with a negro or mulatto or person who shall have one-eighth or more of negro blood, shall be unlawful and void. MississippiHospital EntrancesThere shall be maintained by the governing authorities of every hospital maintained by the state for treatment of white and colored patients separate entrances for white and colored patients and visitors, and such entrances shall be used by the race only for which they are prepared. MississippiPrisonsThe warden shall see that the white convicts shall have separate apartments for both eating and sleeping from the negro convicts. MississippiEducationSeparate free schools shall be established for the education of children of African descent; and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to attend any white school, or any white child to attend a colored school. MissouriIntermarriageAll marriages between...white persons and negroes or white persons and Mongolians...are prohibited and declared absolutely void...No person having one-eighth part or more of negro blood shall be permitted to marry any white person, nor shall any white person be permitted to marry any negro or person having one-eighth part or more of negro blood. MissouriEducationSeparate rooms [shall] be provided for the teaching of pupils of African descent, and [when] said rooms are so provided, such pupils may not be admitted to the school rooms occupied and used by pupils of Caucasian or other descent. New MexicoTextbooksBooks shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them. North CarolinaLibrariesThe state librarian is directed to fit up and maintain a separate place for the use of the colored people who may come to the library for the purpose of reading books or periodicals. North CarolinaMilitiaThe white and colored militia shall be separately enrolled, and shall never be compelled to serve in the same organization.No organization of colored troops shall be permitted where white troops are available, and while white permitted to be organized, colored troops shall be under the command of white officers. North CarolinaTransportationThe...Utilities Commission...is empowered and directed to require the establishment of separate waiting rooms at all stations for the white and colored races. North CarolinaTeachingAny instructor who shall teach in any school, college or institution where members of the white and colored race are received and enrolled as pupils for instruction shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined in any sum not less than ten dollars ($10.00) nor more than fifty dollars ($50.00) for each offense. OklahomaFishing, Boating, and BathingThe [Conservation] Commission shall have the right to make segregation of the white and colored races as to the exercise of rights of fishing, boating and bathing. OklahomaMiningThe baths and lockers for the negroes shall be separate from the white race, but may be in the same building. OklahomaTelephone BoothsThe Corporation Commission is hereby vested with power and authority to require telephone companies...to maintain separate booths for white and colored patrons when there is a demand for such separate booths. That the Corporation Commission shall determine the necessity for said separate booths only upon complaint of the people in the town and vicinity to be served after due hearing as now provided by law in other complaints filed with the Corporation Commission. OklahomaLunch CountersNo persons, firms, or corporations, who or which furnish meals to passengers at station restaurants or station eating houses, in times limited by common carriers of said passengers, shall furnish said meals to white and colored passengers in the same room, or at the same table, or at the same counter. South CarolinaChild CustodyIt shall be unlawful for any parent, relative, or other white person in this State, having the control or custody of any white child, by right of guardianship, natural or acquired, or otherwise, to dispose of, give or surrender such white child permanently into the custody, control, maintenance, or support, of a negro. South CarolinaLibrariesAny white person of such county may use the county free library under the rules and regulations prescribed by the commissioners court and may be entitled to all the privileges thereof. Said court shall make proper provision for the negroes of said county to be served through a separate branch or branches of the county free library, which shall be administered by [a] custodian of the negro race under the supervision of the county librarian. TexasEducation[The County Board of Education] shall provide schools of two kinds; those for white children and those for colored children. TexasTheatersEvery person...operating...any public hall, theatre, opera house, motion picture show or any place of public entertainment or public assemblage which is attended by both white and colored persons, shall separate the white race and the colored race and shall set apart and designate...certain seats therein to be occupied by white persons and a portion thereof , or certain seats therein, to be occupied by colored persons. VirginiaRailroadsThe conductors or managers on all such railroads shall have power, and are hereby required, to assign to each white or colored passenger his or her respective car, coach or compartment. If the passenger fails to disclose his race, the conductor and managers, acting in good faith, shall be the sole judges of his race. VirginiaIntermarriageAll marriages of white persons with Negroes, Mulattos, Mongolians, or Malaya hereafter contracted in the State of Wyoming are and shall be illegal and void. Wyomingen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_LawsUnder Jim Crow laws, Southern states could legally ban blacks from mixing with whites in train stations, movie theaters, restaurants, hotels, and other public facilities. In other words, equal but separate.The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws#Origins_in_the_Colonial_EraThe term miscegenation, a word invented by American journalists to discredit the Abolitionist movement by stirring up debate over the prospect of white-black intermarriage after the abolition of slavery, was first coined in 1863, during the American Civil War.[2] Yet in the Thirteen Colonies laws banning the intermarriage of whites and blacks were enacted as far back as the late seventeenth century.In the United States, anti-miscegenation laws (also known as miscegenation laws) were state laws passed by individual states to prohibit miscegenation, nowadays more commonly referred to as interracial marriage and interracial sex. Typically defining miscegenation as a felony, these laws prohibited the solemnization of weddings between persons of different races and prohibited the officiating of such ceremonies. Sometimes, the individuals attempting to marry would not be held guilty of miscegenation itself, but felony charges of adultery or fornication would be brought against them instead. All anti-miscegenation laws banned the marriage of whites and non-white groups, primarily blacks, but often also Native Americans and Asians.[3] In many states, anti-miscegenation laws also criminalized cohabitation and sex between whites and non-whites. In addition, the state of Oklahoma in 1908 banned marriage "between a person of African descent" and "any person not of African descent", and Kentucky and Louisiana in 1932 banned marriage between Native Americans and African Americans.[4] While anti-miscegenation laws are often regarded as a Southern phenomenon, many northern states had anti-miscegenation laws as well.Although anti-miscegenation amendments were proposed in United States Congress in 1871, 1912-1913 and 1928,[5][6] a nation-wide law against racially mixed marriages was never enacted. From the 19th century into the 1950s, most US states enforced anti-miscegenation laws. From 1913 to 1948, 30 out of the then 48 states did so.[citation needed] In 1967, the United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled in Loving v. Virginia that anti-miscegenation laws are unconstitutional. With this ruling, these laws were no longer in effect in the remaining 16 states that at the time still enforced them.Most white Americans in the 1950s were opposed to interracial marriage and did not see laws banning interracial marriage as an affront to the principles of American democracy. A 1958 Gallup poll showed that 96 percent of white Americans disapproved of interracial marriage. However, attitudes towards bans on interracial marriage quickly changed in the 1960s.Main article: Loving v. VirginiaAll bans on interracial marriage were lifted only after an interracial couple from Virginia, Richard and Mildred Loving, began a legal battle in 1963 for the repeal of the anti-miscegenation law which prevented them from living as a couple in their home state of Virginia. The Lovings were supported by the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, the Japanese American Citizens League and a coalition of Catholic bishops.In 1958, Richard and Mildred Loving had married in Washington, D.C. to evade Virginia's anti-miscegenation law (the Racial Integrity Act). Having returned to Virginia, they were arrested in their bedroom for living together as an interracial couple. The judge suspended their sentence on the condition that the Lovings would leave Virginia and not return for 25 years. In 1963, the Lovings, who had moved to Washington, D.C, decided to appeal this judgment. In 1965, Virginia trial court Judge Leon Bazile, who heard their original case, refused to reconsider his decision. Instead, he defended racial segregation, writing:"Almighty God created the races white, black, yellow, and red, and he placed them on separate continents. And but for the interference with his arrangement there would be no cause for such marriages. The fact that he separated the races shows that he did not intend for the races to mix."[23]The Lovings then took their case to the Supreme Court of Virginia, which invalidated the original sentence but upheld the state's Racial Integrity Act. Finally, the Lovings turned to the U.S Supreme Court. The court, which had previously avoided taking miscegenation cases, agreed to hear an appeal. In 1967, 84 years after Pace v. Alabama in 1883, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Loving v. Virginia that:"Marriage is one of the 'basic civil rights of man,' fundamental to our very existence and survival.... To deny this fundamental freedom on so unsupportable a basis as the racial classifications embodied in these statutes, classifications so directly subversive of the principle of equality at the heart of the Fourteenth Amendment, is surely to deprive all the State's citizens of liberty without due process of law. The Fourteenth Amendment requires that the freedom of choice to marry not be restricted by invidious racial discriminations. Under our Constitution, the freedom to marry, or not to marry, a person of another race resides with the individual and cannot be infringed by the State."The Supreme Court condemned Virginia's anti-miscegenation law as "designed to maintain White supremacy".In 1967, 17 Southern states (all the former slave states plus Oklahoma) still enforced laws prohibiting marriage between whites and people of color. Maryland repealed its law in response to the start of the proceedings at the Supreme Court. After the ruling of the Supreme Court, the remaining laws were no longer in effect. Nonetheless, it took South Carolina until 1998 and Alabama until 2000 to officially amend their states' constitutions to remove language prohibiting miscegenation. In the respective referendums, 62% of voters in South Carolina and 59% of voters in Alabama voted to remove these laws.[24]In 2009, Keith Bardwell, a justice of the peace in Robert, Louisiana, refused to officiate a civil wedding for an interracial couple. A nearby justice of the peace, on Bardwell's referral, officiated the wedding; the interracial couple sued Keith Bardwell and his wife Beth Bardwell in federal court.[25] See refusal of interracial marriage in Louisiana.Anti-miscegenation laws repealed until 1887State First law passed Law repealed Races banned from marrying whites NoteIllinois 1829 1874 BlacksIowa 1839 1851 BlacksKansas 1855 1859 Blacks Law repealed before reaching statehoodNew Mexico 1857 1866 Blacks Law repealed before reaching statehoodMaine 1821 1883 Blacks, Native AmericansMassachusetts 1705 1843 Blacks, Native Americans Passed the 1913 law preventing out-of-state couples from circumventing their home-state anti-miscegenation lawsMichigan 1838 1883 BlacksOhio 1861 1887 Blacks Last state to repeal its anti-miscegenation law before California did so in 1948Pennsylvania 1725 1780 BlacksRhode Island 1798 1881 Blacks, Native AmericansWashington 1855 1868 Blacks, Native Americans Law repealed before reaching statehoodAnti-miscegenation laws repealed 1948-1967State First law passed Law repealed Races banned from marrying whites NoteArizona 1865 1962 Blacks, Asians, Filipinos, Indians Filipinos ("Malays") and Indians ("Hindus") added to list of "races" in 1931California 1850 1948 Blacks, Asians, Filipinos Anti-miscegenation law overturned by state judiciary in Supreme Court of California case Perez v. Sharp. Most Hispanics were included in White category.Colorado 1864 1957 BlacksIdaho 1864 1959 Blacks, Native Americans, AsiansIndiana 1818 1965 BlacksMaryland 1692 1967 Blacks, Filipinos Repealed its law in response to the start of the Loving v. Virginia caseMontana 1909 1953 Blacks, AsiansNebraska 1855 1963 Blacks, AsiansNevada 1861 1959 Blacks, Native Americans, Asians, FilipinosNorth Dakota 1909 1955 BlacksOregon 1862 1951 Blacks, Native Americans, Asians, Native HawaiiansSouth Dakota 1909 1957 Blacks, Asians, FilipinosUtah 1852 1963 Blacks, Asians, FilipinosWyoming 1913 1965 Blacks, Asians, FilipinosAnti-miscegenation laws overturned on 12 June 1967 by Loving v. VirginiaState First law passed Races banned from marrying whites NoteAlabama 1822 Blacks Repealed during Reconstruction, law later reinstatedArkansas 1838 Blacks Repealed during Reconstruction, law later reinstatedDelaware 1721 BlacksFlorida 1832 Blacks Repealed during Reconstruction, law later reinstatedGeorgia 1750 All non-whitesKentucky 1792 BlacksLouisiana 1724 Blacks Repealed during Reconstruction, law later reinstatedMississippi 1822 Blacks, Asians Repealed during Reconstruction, law later reinstatedMissouri 1835 Blacks, AsiansNorth Carolina 1715 Blacks, Native AmericansOklahoma 1897 BlacksSouth Carolina 1717 All non-whites Repealed during Reconstruction, law later reinstatedTennessee 1741 Blacks, Native AmericansTexas 1837 Blacks, FilipinosVirginia 1691 All non-whites Previous anti-miscegenation law made more severe by Racial Integrity Act of 1924West Virginia 1863 Blacks
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  • I shared this with one of my sisters and she had a different perspective on this. I had a good chuckle:


    Aloha, I guess the US Jim Crow, etc had to be stated and that the class of colors white/black had to be separated. It was a good idea because it kept the colors away from the deadly diseases that the WHITE animals were carrying at all times. The Whites had deadly poor health hygiene and were filthy creeping with open sores, no daily bathing habits, veneral diseases. Yep, good thing the colors were separated from these creeps. Tita Nui
  • e Tane, You forgot,
    Hawaii Definition of a native Hawaiian, 50% of the Blood.
  • Wow! This is cool, short on words for now. Nice to know this listing has been posted. Miss you Kaohi
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