Agricultural industrialization, as developed in advanced market economies, has diffused throughout the global economy as part of the process of rural and economic development. Agriculture in formerly centrally planned (socialist) economies has developed many of the features of industrialized agriculture, including large-scale farming, mechanization and a reliance on agrichemicals; there have been similar damaging consequences for the environment, especially the pollution of water resources, for example in Eastern Europe. Essays Help provided by experienced essay writers at our site! Individual services! Many developing countries have been similarly affected, although the benefits of agricultural modernization and industrialization have not always been retained but instead have ‘leaked back’ to developed economies. Two major aspects of the transfer of industrialized farming systems to developing countries will be considered: transnational agribusinesses and the Green Revolution.Early attempts to transform agriculture in developing countries can be traced back to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries when foreign controlled and operated plantations were created. Indeed, the export of refined cane sugar to Europe led to the development of the world’s first tropical plantation for overseas trade, using African slave labour, in Madeira in 1420. Plantations, therefore, were effectively created by Western capitalism to provide raw materials for industries in developed countries and to increase their security and variety of food supply. Today, they are often part of transnational corporations (TNCs) which are attracted to former plantation locations to take advantage of cheap land and labour and, in many cases, indigenous government support. Essay Writers we hire are responsible, educated, and are working 24/7 to guide you! However, plantations were not exclusive to the colonial period; the number of state-owned, large, centrally managed units increased after the end of the colonial period, often as newly independent governments took over previously private estates (for example in Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe). Nevertheless, despite a general reduction in the number of foreign-owned plantations, they remain significant producers of a number of Third World crops.Today plantations can be more correctly described as large-scale farms (here termed ‘estates’); they are characterized by a high degree of product and labour specialization, the employment of wage labour, capital and labour intensiveness, the application of advanced technology and high land and labour productivity. Most estates specialize in one crop, especially perennials such as tree crops or shorter-term crops such as sugar-cane and bananas. Our Dissertation Writer are reliable! Request authentic help by dissertation writer online! Crops produced for the world market which cannot be grown widely because of the need to meet restrictive natural environmental conditions include cocoa (Ghana, Nigeria, Trinidad), coffee (Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, Uganda, Colombia), rubber (Liberia, Nigeria, Malaysia, Sri Lanka), palm oil (Zaïre, Nigeria, Malaysia), coconut (Philippines, Sri Lanka, Samoa), tea (East Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Assam), sugar (West Indies), and bananas (Cameroon, Central America, Philippines). Similar large-scale and centrally managed livestock farms (ranches) exist in Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela and Brazil.
Comments