There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. All three were formed many hundreds of millions of years ago before the time of the dinosaurs – hence the name fossil fuels. The age they were formed is called the Carboniferous Period. It was part of the Paleozoic Era. "Carboniferous" gets its name from carbon, the basic element in coal and other fossil fuels.
The Carboniferous Period occurred from about 360 to 286 million years ago. At the time, the land was covered with swamps filled with huge trees, ferns and other large leafy plants, similar to the picture above. The water and seas were filled with algae – the green stuff that forms on a stagnant pool of water. Algae is actually millions of very small plants.
Some deposits of coal can be found during the time of the dinosaurs. For example, thin carbon layers can be found during the late Cretaceous Period (65 million years ago) – the time of Tyrannosaurus Rex. But the main deposits of fossil fuels are from the Carboniferous Period. For more about the various geologic eras, go to www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/timeform.html
As the trees and plants died, they sank to the bottom of the swamps of oceans. They formed layers of a spongy material called peat. Over many hundreds of years, the peat was covered by sand and clay and other minerals, which turned into a type of rock called sedimentary.
More and more rock piled on top of more rock, and it weighed more and more. It began to press down on the peat. The peat was squeezed and squeezed until the water came out of it and it eventually, over millions of years, it turned into coal, oil or petroleum, and natural gas.
Coal
Coal is a hard, black colored rock-like substance. It is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and varying amounts of sulphur. There are three main types of coal – anthracite, bituminous and lignite. Anthracite coal is the hardest and has more carbon, which gives it a higher energy content. Lignite is the softest and is low in carbon but high in hydrogen and oxygen content. Bituminous is in between. Today, the precursor to coal—peat—is still found in many countries and is also used as an energy source.
The earliest known use of coal was in China. Coal from the Fu-shun mine in northeastern China may have been used to smelt copper as early as 3,000 years ago. The Chinese thought coal was a stone that could burn.
Coal is found in many of the lower 48 states of U.S. and throughout the rest of the world. Coal is mined out of the ground using various methods. Some coal mines are dug by sinking vertical or horizontal shafts deep under ground, and coal miners travel by elevators or trains deep under ground to dig the coal. Other coal is mined in strip mines where huge steam shovels strip away the top layers above the coal. The layers are then restored after the coal is taken away.
The coal is then shipped by train and boats and even in pipelines. In pipelines, the coal is ground up and mixed with water to make what's called a slurry. This is then pumped many miles through pipelines. At the other end, the coal is used to fuel power plants and other factories.
Oil or Petroleum
Oil is another fossil fuel. It was also formed more than 300 million years ago. Some scientists say that tiny diatoms are the source of oil. Diatoms are sea creatures the size of a pin head. They do one thing just like plants; they can convert sunlight directly into stored energy.
In the graphic on the left, as the diatoms died they fell to the sea floor (1). Here they were buried under sediment and other rock (2). The rock squeezed the diatoms and the energy in their bodies could not escape. The carbon eventually turned into oil under great pressure and heat. As the earth changed and moved and folded, pockets where oil and natural gas can be found were formed (3).
Oil has been used for more than 5,000-6,000 years. The ancient Sumerians, Assyrians and Babylonians used crude oil and asphalt ("pitch") collected from large seeps at Tuttul (modern-day Hit) on the Euphrates River. A seep is a place on the ground where the oil leaks up from below ground. The ancient Egyptians, used liquid oil as a medicine for wounds, and oil has been used in lamps to provide light.
The Dead Sea, near the modern Country of Israel, used to be called Lake Asphaltites. The word asphalt was derived is from that term because of the lumps of gooey petroleum that were washed up on the lake shores from underwater seeps.
In North America, Native Americans used blankets to skim oil off the surface of streams and lakes. They used oil as medicine and to make canoes water-proof. During the Revolutionary War, Native Americans taught George Washington's troops how to treat frostbite with oil.
As our country grew, the demand for oil continued to increase as a fuel for lamps. Petroleum oil began to replace whale oil in lamps because the price for whale oil was very high. During this time, most petroleum oil came from distilling coal into a liquid or by skimming it off of lakes – just as the Native Americans did.
Then on August 27, 1859, Edwin L. Drake (the man standing on the right in the black and white picture to the right), struck liquid oil at his well near Titusville, Pennsylvania. He found oil under ground and a way that could pump it to the surface. The well pumped the oil into barrels made out of wood. This method of drilling for oil is still being used today all over the world in areas where oil can be found below the surface.
Oil and natural gas are found under ground between folds of rock and in areas of rock that are porous and contain the oils within the rock itself. The folds of rock were formed as the earth shifts and moves. It's similar to how a small, throw carpet will bunch up in places on the floor.
To find oil and natural gas, companies drill through the earth to the deposits deep below the surface. The oil and natural gas are then pumped from below the ground by oil rigs (like in the picture). They then usually travel through pipelines or by ship.
Oil is found in 18 of the 58 counties in California. Kern County, the County where Bakersfield is found, is one of the largest oil production places in the country. But we only get one-half of our oil from California wells. The rest comes from Alaska, and an increasing amount comes from other countries. In the entire U.S., more than 50 percent of all the oil we use comes from outside the country... most of it from the Middle East.
Oil is brought to California by large tanker ships. The petroleum or crude oil must be changed or refined into other products before it can be used.
Oil is another fossil fuel. It was also formed more than 300 million years ago. Some scientists say that tiny diatoms are the source of oil. Diatoms are sea creatures the size of a pin head. They do one thing just like plants; they can convert sunlight directly into stored energy.
In the graphic on the left, as the diatoms died they fell to the sea floor (1). Here they were buried under sediment and other rock (2). The rock squeezed the diatoms and the energy in their bodies could not escape. The carbon eventually turned into oil under great pressure and heat. As the earth changed and moved and folded, pockets where oil and natural gas can be found were formed (3).
Oil has been used for more than 5,000-6,000 years. The ancient Sumerians, Assyrians and Babylonians used crude oil and asphalt ("pitch") collected from large seeps at Tuttul (modern-day Hit) on the Euphrates River. A seep is a place on the ground where the oil leaks up from below ground. The ancient Egyptians, used liquid oil as a medicine for wounds, and oil has been used in lamps to provide light.
The Dead Sea, near the modern Country of Israel, used to be called Lake Asphaltites. The word asphalt was derived is from that term because of the lumps of gooey petroleum that were washed up on the lake shores from underwater seeps.
In North America, Native Americans used blankets to skim oil off the surface of streams and lakes. They used oil as medicine and to make canoes water-proof. During the Revolutionary War, Native Americans taught George Washington's troops how to treat frostbite with oil.
As our country grew, the demand for oil continued to increase as a fuel for lamps. Petroleum oil began to replace whale oil in lamps because the price for whale oil was very high. During this time, most petroleum oil came from distilling coal into a liquid or by skimming it off of lakes – just as the Native Americans did.
Then on August 27, 1859, Edwin L. Drake (the man standing on the right in the black and white picture to the right), struck liquid oil at his well near Titusville, Pennsylvania. He found oil under ground and a way that could pump it to the surface. The well pumped the oil into barrels made out of wood. This method of drilling for oil is still being used today all over the world in areas where oil can be found below the surface.
Oil and natural gas are found under ground between folds of rock and in areas of rock that are porous and contain the oils within the rock itself. The folds of rock were formed as the earth shifts and moves. It's similar to how a small, throw carpet will bunch up in places on the floor.
To find oil and natural gas, companies drill through the earth to the deposits deep below the surface. The oil and natural gas are then pumped from below the ground by oil rigs (like in the picture). They then usually travel through pipelines or by ship.
Oil is found in 18 of the 58 counties in California. Kern County, the County where Bakersfield is found, is one of the largest oil production places in the country. But we only get one-half of our oil from California wells. The rest comes from Alaska, and an increasing amount comes from other countries. In the entire U.S., more than 50 percent of all the oil we use comes from outside the country... most of it from the Middle East.
Oil is brought to California by large tanker ships. The petroleum or crude oil must be changed or refined into other products before it can be used.
Refineries
Oil is stored in large tanks until it is sent to various places to be used. At oil refineries, crude oil is split into various types of products by heating the thick black oil.
Oil is made into many different products – fertilizers for farms, the clothes you wear, the toothbrush you use, the plastic bottle that holds your milk, the plastic pen that you write with. They all came from oil. There are thousands of other products that come from oil. Almost all plastic comes originally from oil. Can you think of some other things made from oil?
The products include gasoline, diesel fuel, aviation or jet fuel, home heating oil, oil for ships and oil to burn in power plants to make electricity. Here's what a barrel of crude oil can make.
In California, 74 percent of our oil is used for transportation – cars, planes, trucks, buses and motorcycles. We'll learn more about transportation energy in Chapter 18.
Natural Gas
Sometime between 6,000 to 2,000 years BCE (Before the Common Era), the first discoveries of natural gas seeps were made in Iran. Many early writers described the natural petroleum seeps in the Middle East, especially in the Baku region of what is now Azerbaijan. The gas seeps, probably first ignited by lightning, provided the fuel for the "eternal fires" of the fire-worshiping religion of the ancient Persians.
Natural gas is lighter than air. Natural gas is mostly made up of a gas called methane. Methane is a simple chemical compound that is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. It's chemical formula is CH4 – one atom of carbon along with four atoms hydrogen. This gas is highly flammable.
Natural gas is usually found near petroleum underground. It is pumped from below ground and travels in pipelines to storage areas. The next chapter looks at that pipeline system.
Natural gas usually has no odor and you can't see it. Before it is sent to the pipelines and storage tanks, it is mixed with a chemical that gives a strong odor. The odor smells almost like rotten eggs. The odor makes it easy to smell if there is a leak.
Energy Safety Note!
If you smell that rotten egg smell in your house, tell your folks and get out of the house quickly. Don't turn on any lights or other electrical devices. A spark from a light switch can ignite the gas very easily. Go to a neighbor's house and call 9-1-1 for emergency help.
Saving Fossil Fuels
COMPLEX Stage - The Twin Towers Owned by the Rockefellers, the permanent CEO's/ Corporation Executive Officers of the EXXON Corporation which evolved from the Standard Oil Company.
The Rockefellers gifted the United Nations the land so that they could build. The United Nations was set up for the ONE WORLD ORDER/NEW WORLD ORDER with the support of the United States, England, and the bankers (Morgan, Bank of England, International bankers, etc.).
PLUNDERING UPON INNOCENTS With Complex Weapons and WARS for ONE WORLD ORDER/ NEW WORLD ORDER GOALS and GENOCIDE ISSUES leading to ONE OIL ORDER or the COLLECTIVE CONTROL OF THE MASSES
Complex Weapons Developed
EXXON Corporation is the umbrella Corporation of many companies which makes Profit off of WAR..........some of the EXXON's associates are documented below:
This week, almost a decade after the U.S. "War on Terror" began, the Commission on Wartime Contracting held two days of hearings into the role of private ... www.corpwatch.org/section.php?id=176 - Cached - Similar
War Profiteers · Blackwater · Halliburton/KBR · CACI · Titan/L3 · People in the Film · Facts & Research · Trailers & Clips · Do Something! ... iraqforsale.org/profiteers.php - Cached - Similar
Sep 5, 2006 ... Halliburton has become synonymous with war profiteering, but there are lots of other greedy fingers in the pie. We name names on 10 of the ... www.alternet.org/world/41083/ - Cached - Similar
List of suppliers for Iraqi development of Weapons of Mass Destruction
Legend used in this list: A = nuclear program, B = bioweapons program, C = chemical weapons program, R = rocket (missile) program, K = conventional weapons, military logistics, supplies at the Iraqi Defense Ministry and the building of military plants.
USA
1 Honeywell (R, K) 2 Spectra Physics (K) 3 Semetex (R) 4 TI Coating (A, K) 5 Unisys (A, K) 6 Sperry Corp. (R, K) 7 Tektronix (R, A) 8 Rockwell (K) 9 Leybold Vacuum Systems (A) 10 Finnigan-MAT-US (A) 11 Hewlett-Packard (A, R, K) 12 Dupont (A) 13 Eastman Kodak (R) 14 American Type Culture Collection (B) 15 Alcolac International (C) 16 Consarc (A) 17 Carl Zeiss - U.S (K) 18 Cerberus (LTD) (A) 19 Electronic Associates (R) 20 International Computer Systems (A, R, K) 21 Bechtel (K) 22 EZ Logic Data Systems, Inc. (R) 23 Canberra Industries Inc. (A) 24 Axel Electronics Inc. (A) Zusätzlich zu diesen 24 Firmen mit Stammsitz USA werden in dem irakischen Rüstungsbericht knapp 50 Tochterfirmen ausländischer Unternehmen aufgeführt, die ihre Rüstungskooperation mit dem Irak von den USA aus betrieben. Außerdem werden die Washingtoner Ministerien für Verteidigung, Energie, Handel und Landwirtschaft sowie die Atomwaffenlaboratorien Lawrence Livermore, Los Alamos und Sandia als Zulieferer für Iraks Rüstungsprogramme für A-, B- und C-Waffen sowie für Raketen benannt. (Anu's translation) of the above: "In addition to these 24 companies home-based in the USA are 50 subsidiaries of foreign enterprises which conducted their arms business with Iraq from within the US. Also designated as suppliers for Iraq's arms programs (A, B, C & R) are the US Ministries of Defense, Energy, Trade and Agriculture as well as the Lawrence Livermore, Los Alamos and Sandia National Laboratories."
China
1 China Wanbao Engineering Company (A, C, K) 2 Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd (K) 3 China State Missile Company (R)
Frankreich
1 Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique (A) 2 Sciaky (A) 3 Thomson CSF (A, K) 4 Aerospatiale and Matra Espace (R) 5 Cerbag (A) 6 Protec SA (C) 7 Thales Group (A) 8 Societé Général pour les Techniques Nouvelles (A)
Großbritannien
1 Euromac Ltd-Uk (A) 2 C. Plath-Nuclear (A) 3 Endshire Export Marketing (A) 4 International Computer Systems (A, R, K) 5 MEED International (A, C) 6 Walter Somers Ltd. (R) 7 International Computer Limited (A, K) 8 Matrix Churchill Corp. (A) 9 Ali Ashour Daghir (A) 10 International Military Services (R) (im Besitz des brit. Verteidigungsministeriums) 11 Sheffield Forgemasters (R) 12 Technology Development Group (R) 13 International Signal and Control (R) 14 Terex Corporation (R) 15 Inwako (A) 16 TMG Engineering (K) 17 XYY Options, Inc (A)
UdSSR/Russland
1 Soviet State Missile Co. (R) 2 Niikhism (R) 3 Mars Rotor (R) 4 Livinvest (R) 5 Russia Aviatin Trading House (K) 6 Amsar Trading (K)
Weitere Länder
Japan: Fanuc (A), Hammamatsu Photonics KK (A), NEC (A), Osaka (A), Waida (A) Niederlande: Melchemie B.V. (C), KBS Holland B.V. (C), Delft Instruments N.V. (K) Belgien: Boehler Edelstahl (A), NU Kraft Mercantile Corporation (C), OIP Instrubel (K), Phillips Petroleum (C), Poudries Réunies Belge SA (R), Sebatra (A), Space Research Corp. (R) Spanien: Donabat (R), Treblam (C), Zayer (A) Schweden: ABB (A), Saab-Scania (R)
Erklärung: A = Atomwaffenprogramm, B = Biologisches Waffenprogramm, C = Chemiewaffenprogramm, R = Raketenprogramm, K = Konventionelle Waffen, militärische Logistik, Zulieferungen an das irakische Verteidigungsministerium und Bau militärischer Anlagen
A = Atomwaffenprogramm, B = Biologisches Waffenprogramm, C = Chemiewaffenprogramm, R = Raketenprogramm, K = Konventionelle Waffen, militärische Logistik, Zulieferungen an das irakische Verteidigungsministerium und Bau militärischer Anlagen This list is from Die Tageszeitung http://www.taz.de/pt/2002/12/19/a0080.nf/textdruck
the following is a translation of one of the articles from the German by Andreas Zumach
Translation by Anu de Monterice •Wednesday December 18, 2002 at 10:05 PM coachanu@earthlink.net
USA CENSORS IRAQ REPORT
Germany and the other non-permanent members of the UN Security Council received only a truncated version of the weapons dossier. Data concerning foreign suppliers of Iraq are missing.
Geneva: The 10 non-permanent members of the UN Security Council--to which Germany will belong starting in January--have been withheld substantial parts of the Iraqi arms report. All information about the supplies from--and the support of--foreign companies, research labs and governments from the mid-1970's on, related to Iraqi arms programs, have been deleted. The 5 permanent Council members, the USA, Russia, China, France and Great Britain, are aware of this censorship. According to the German Press Agency DPA, it has reduced the 12,00 page report to only 3000 pages.
From information gathered from UN diplomats of 2 of these 5 countries taz learned that the censorship was agreed on primarily upon the urging of the United States. Among the 5 constant members of the Security Council it was the USA that stood out by giving the strongest support to Saddam Hussain's regime by arming it with the means of mass destruction.
The report gives us a complete overview of these supplies for the first time. In particular it names the 24 US companies and when and to whom in Iraq the supplies were delivered. And it makes clear how strongly the Reagan and the first Bush administrations supported the arming of Iraq, from 1980 up to the Gulf conflict of 1990/91. Substantial construction units for the Iraqi nuclear weapon and rocket programs were supplied with permission of the government in Washington. The poison Anthrax for the arming of Iraq with biological weapons stemmed from US laboratories. Iraqi military and armament experts were trained in the US and there received know-how having to do with their domestic arms programs.
According to the estimation of Susan Wright, a US arms-control expert from the University of Michigan, publication of this information would be "especially embarassing for the USA." It would "remind people in the USA of a very dark chapter, which the Bush administration would prefer to forget about." Whether the US had already struck out this information before it made copies for the other 4 permanent Council members continues to be unclear.
Bolton, Herbert Eugene HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS A Syllabus with Maps (1928) Gin and Company
Boswell, Douglas ALL ABOUT HAWAII combined with THRUM’S HAWAIIAN ANNUAL AND STANDARD
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Boyle, Donzella Cross QUEST OF A HEMISPHERE (1970) Published by Western Islands
Char, Tin Yuke THE SANDALWOOD MOUNTAINS (1975) by The University of Hawaii Press of Hawaii
Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs HAWAII STATEHOOD – Hearings on H.R. 49; S. 156; S. 1782 United States Government Printing Office
Cordy, Ross A REGIONAL SYNTHESIS OF HAMAKUA DISTRICT – Island Of Hawaii (1994) Historic Preservation Division, Dept. of Land and Natural Resources
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Craig, Robert D. HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF HONOLULU (1998) Scarecrow Press, Inc. Craven, Avery and Johnson, Walter THE UNITED STATES Experiment in Democracy (1950) The Athenaeum Press De Vries, Julian LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS (1940) The World Publishing Co. Doughterty, Michael TO STEAL A KINGDOM (1996) Island Style Press Faragher, John M.; Buhle, Mari Jo; Czitrom, Daniel; Armitage, Susan H. OUT OF MANY A History of the American People Volume II (1994) Prentice-Hall Inc. Forbes, Rev. A. A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF REMARKABLE EVENTS (1865) Fornander, Abraham CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF EVENTS IN HAWAIIAN HISTORY out of HISTORY OF THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE (1996) Mutual Publishing Frontier Press THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS (1922) The Frontier Press Garraty, John A. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE And McCaughey, Robert A. AMERICAN NATION (1987) Harper & Row, Publishers Inc. Gessler, Clifford TROPIC LANDFALL – The Port of Honolulu (1942) Country Life Press Gora, Amelia K./ Gora, Amelia AFFIDAVIT/LIEN (1986) filed at the Bureau of Kuulei Conveyances No. 96-177455 (281 pages); 12/17/96; Honolulu, Hawaii KAOLEIOKU- Kamehameha’s Oldest Son His Descendants And Heirs (1997) by Author MAKA ALA THE SLEEPING GIANT (2000) by Author CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF HAWAII, ABROAD, AND TE UNITED STATES 350A.D - 2001 A.D. (2001) HAWAIIAN GENEALOGY INTRODUCTORY GENEALOGY CHARTS OF THE ROYAL FAMILIES CROWN LANDS PEARL HARBOR AND THE RECIPROCITY TREATY- THE TRUTH KAMEHAMEHA’S DESCENDANTS, HEIRS AND TERRORISTS HISTORICAL EVIDENCE AFFECTING ALL LANDS IN HAWAII MAINTAINING QUEEN LILIUOKALANI’S CLAIMS, ETC. HANA, MAUI HUI – JOINT OWNERSHIP WITH QUEEN LILIUOKALANI PIRATES OF THE PACIFIC: CHARLES RED BISHOP AND FRIENDS WARS, CONFLICTS AND GENOCIDE HAWAIIAN ABC’S WILLS 1 – 180 – OUT OF HAWAII’S ARCHIVES ROYAL SCHOOLS STUDENTS 1839-1847 – THEIR DESCENDANTS AND HEIRS -for Kamehameha descendants/heirs only- MAINTAINING CLAIMS TO HAWAII BY QUEEN LILIUOKALANI’S AND THE HIGH CHIEFS GENEALOGIES HAWAIIAN/KANAKA MAOLI HANDBOOK Handy, E. S. Craighill THE POLYNESIAN FAMILY And Pukui, Mary Kawena SYSTEM IN KA-U (1972) Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc. Hawaii Historic Preservation Staff HISTORIC PRESERVATION IN HAWAII (1976) Grant in aid Funding from the Department of Interior, National Park Service Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society MISSIONARY ALBUM (1937) Honolulu Star Bulletin, Lmtd. Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society PORTRAITS OF AMERICAN PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES IN HAWAII (1961) Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society Hunter, Charles H. 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**************************** THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL by John Moody (1919) Yale University “BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE The literature covering special phases of the development and growth of capitalized industry and “high finance” in the United States during the past half century is plentiful enough. Scores of volumes have been written on the Trusts, on particular industries, and special combinations of cpital. But no exhaustive study appears to have been made of the broad trend toward the concentration and control of industry and finance by Wall Street financiers, during the remarkable period culminating in the aggressive antitrust legislation afte the financial crash of 1907. Among the best popular books on the Standard Oil Trust may be mentioned: WEALTH AGAINST COMMON WEALTH by Henry Demarest Lloyd (1894); HISTORY OF THE STANDARD OIL TRUST, BY S.C.T. Dodd (1894); RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY, BY Gilbert Holland Montague (1903); HISTORY OF THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY, by Ida M. Tarbell (1904). To supplement these books, bringing the facts relating to this great business aggregation down to later dates, reference should be made to government exhibits, such as the report of the United States Industrial Commission (1900 and 1902); the testimony in the Supreme Court suit for dissolution (1910 and 1911) and the report of the “Money Trust Investigation” made by the Committee on Banking and Currency of the House of Representatives in 1913. These latter are a real mine of information regarding the activities not only of Standard Oil magnates in business and banking fields, but of others as well during the preceding decade. The story of the Morgan banking house has never been full told, though the LIFE STORY OF J.P. MORGAN, BY Carl Hovey (1911), presents a fair outline. Consult also, FORTY YEARS OF AMERICAN FINANCE, BY Alexander D. Noyes (1909) which contains interesting chapters on the government financing undertaken by the firm. The facts of Edward H. Harriman’s remarkable career can be culled only from the current financial publications of the period. Government reports, such as the testimony in the Supreme Court suit for the dissolution of the Northern Securities Company (1904) and the report of the Committee on Banking and Currency, show the general activities of the Harriman financiers and their connections with Wall Street. The rise to power of the steel and iron magnates and the growth of allied industries have been presented to the public in various forms. A valuable but biased work is the INSIDE HISTORY OF THE CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY, BY James H. Bridge (1903). THE ROMANCE OF STEEL, BY Herbern N. Casson (1907) is a very readable story. On the specific subject of Wall Street mechanism and finance, THE WORK OF WALL STREET, BY Sereno S. Pratt (1912), ad WALL STREET AND THE COUNTRY, by Charles A. Conant (1904), will be found interesting. THE TRUTH ABOUT THE TRUSTS, by John Moody (1904), is a statistical exhibit of capitalized industry and finance as it existed at the apex of the merger movement. On the general subject of industrial trusts and combinations scores of volumes have been written, some of value and many worthless. Among the informing, popular books of the past two decades may be mentioned: THE STORY OF LIFE INSURANCE by Burton J. Hendrick (1907); TRUSTS, OR INDUSTRIAL COMBINATIONS AND COALITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, BY Ernst von Halle (1895); CORPORATION FINANCE, by Thomas L. Greene (1908); THE CONTROL OF TRUSTS, by John B. Clark (1901); TRUST FINANCE, by Edward Sherwood Meade (1903); THE TRUST PROBLEM, by Jeremiah W. Jenks (1900); and INDUSTRIAL COMBINATIONS AND TRUSTS, by William H. Stevens (1913). But to learn the full story of the great masters of capital of the last generation, one must depend chiefly on financial and investment periodicals. Chief among these are the COMMERCIAL AND FINANCIAL CHRONICLE, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, and the New York JOURNAL OF COMMERCE. For purely banking subjects, the BANKERS MAGAZINE is the best source of information. For full light on the subject of the control of life insurance funds by the powers of Wall Street, nothing better can be found than the report of the joint committee of the New York Legislature appointed to investigate life insurance companies (1906). The facts regarding the dissolution of the Standard Oil Trust and the American Tobacco Company are to be found in the testimony in the Supreme Court suits against those companies. The best popular description of the panic of 1907 is contained in Alexander D. Noyes’s FORTY YEARS OF AMERICAN FINANCE.”
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