or
MORE PREMEDITATION, GENOCIDE EVIDENCE AGAINST THE U.S., BANKERS, MILITARY, PIRATES OF THE PACIFIC: CHARLES REED BISHOP AND FRIENDS, ET. ALS.
compiled by Amelia Gora, a Royal person, descendant of
Kamehameha, Kalaniopuu, Kaleiwohi, Keawemauhili,
Nuuanu, John Young, Isaac Davis, Akahi(w), Kalola (w),
et. als. (2011)
The layers of Fraud, Criminal deviance, Piracy(ies) can be seen through various documents, historical, aged writings, published news from various sources.
Most of the premeditation evidence has been retrieved from sources outside of the Hawaiian Islands.
These are also issues of genocide against our kanaka maoli, those who have been in the Hawaiian Islands for 3,000 years.
The greed, criminal moves against a neutral, non-violent friendly nation, against a female who during the period of 1893 was viewed as property rather than a person. Women and children during the period were viewed as less than a person, and were considered owned by their husbands.
People of color during the period were viewed as "NIGGERS" as documented in Congressional records, political cartoons of the period, news articles, etc.
The disregard of a nation that passed the first anti-slavery law in 1852, the concerted moves by treasonous persons in the Hawaiian Islands with ties to their "mother lands" led to many greedy, criminal deviants, unsavory characters to organize and gain support for their criminal moves against the true land owners existing then and now.
The following is set in a Chronological order, important problematic issues have been highlighted.
It would be well worth scrutinizing the highlighted areas for there are many issues, and ramifications are many.
It is only right and just that we, the kanaka maoli, descendants of the ancient ones, the leaders and descendants of those who supported our Queen Liliuokalani meet to regroup, reform Ko Hawaii Pae Aina/the Hawaiian Kingdom without foreign intervention.
With this said, let us look at some of the Chronological History and Highlighted Problem areas:
1810 - Kamehameha formed a Monarchy government, and created laws, which were followed by Kamehameha II - Liholiho; and documented by Kamehameha III.- Kauikeouli:
Kamehameha III's First Laws found at the Mission Houses Archives, behind Kawaiahao Church: https://docs.google.com/leaf? id= 0B6Gs4av5Se1wZGIyMmNkNTMtZTczZ i0...
https://docs.google.com/leaf? id= 0B6Gs4av5Se1wZGIyMmNkNTMtZTczZ i0.Reference: Researcher Hank Fergerstrom; Archives, Iolani Palace grounds, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Kingdom.
1844 - England and France's governments recognized the independence of the Hawaiian Islands.
Equal consideration of the three 1) The United States of America; 2) Great Britain, and 3) France was approved by the King and Premier of the Hawaiian Kingdom and signed by Kamehameha III, and Kekauluohi at Lahaina, Maui, on the 29th day of June, A.D. 1844.
Note: Under the Law of Nations general convention, the Congress of Vienna convened, and "contained delegates from the eight principal Powers of Europe, Austria, Great Britain, France, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Russia, and Prussia, who among other arrangements saw fit to terminate by mutual agreement, the dissension about precedence: These Powers unanimously agreed to the following articles on that subject... see THE POLYNESIAN, Saturday, July 20, 1844
Belgium's government recognized the independence of the Hawaiian Islands.
the following documents are very important due to the recognition of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1844.
1863 Kamehameha IV dies November 30 and is succeeded by his
older brother, Lot Kamehameha.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1864 Kamehameha V (Lot Kamehameha) decrees a new constitution
which contains property qualifications for the elected
representatives and the voters, August 20.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1866 The first leprosy patients taken to Kalawao, Moloka’i, on
the Kalaupapa peninsula.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1867 - Accurate Genealogies Printed in the Nupepa Kuokoa......later issues shows changes, inaccuracies - an issue of genocide, identity theft, etc.:
Genealogies 1867 (first part) https://docs.google.com/leaf? id= 0B6Gs4av5Se1wMzBiZGJhMjMtY2FmZ C0...
https://docs.google.com/leaf? id= 0B6Gs4av5Se1wMzBiZGJhMjMtY2FmZ C0...
Genealogies 1867 (second part) https://docs.google.com/leaf? id= 0B6Gs4av5Se1wZDBjMDAyNjktMWQ1M i0...
https://docs.google.com/leaf? id= 0B6Gs4av5Se1wZDBjMDAyNjktMWQ1M i0...
Genealogies 1867 (third and last part) https://docs.google.com/leaf? id= 0B6Gs4av5Se1wOTRlZmNhMDEtNGFkM S0...
https://docs.google.com/leaf? id= 0B6Gs4av5Se1wOTRlZmNhMDEtNGFkM S0...
1868 The first Japanese arrive on June 24.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1871 Henry Berger arrives from Germany on June 11 to conduct
the Royal Hawaiian Band.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1872 Kamehameha V dies on December 11, with no successor.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1873 William Lunalilo is elected king by the legislature on
June 8, the first elected king, and ends the Kamehameha
line of succession.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1874 King Lunalilo dies on February 3. David Kalakaua is
elected king on February 12 by the legislature. He
departs for a goodwill tour of the United States on
November 17.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1875 A reciprocity treaty is signed on January 30, allowing
sugar and other products to enter the United States
without customs duties.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1876 The U.S. Senate ratifies the Reciprocity Treaty on August
15.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
****************************** **********
Now, carefully read the article PARADISE IN THE PACIFIC ------this article shows that the RECIPROCITY TREATY OF 1876 was KILLED by King Kalakaua secretly and the "natives"....
King David Kalakaua was claimed to sign a Reciprocity Treaty with the U.S. but note the following from the NEW YORK TIMES article:
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/ archive-free/pdf?res= F20617FD3455157...
King Kalakaua signed a FRAUD DEED to the claims of the Halawa Ahupuaa (mountain to the sea), includes Pearl Harbor River/Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, and SUPPOSEDLY Conveyed to Mataio Kekuanaoa and Grace Kamaikui, plotted out with the help of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estates Trustees?
1877 Prince Leleiohoku, heir to the throne, dies on April 19.
Princess Lili’uokalani is proclaimed heir by King
Kalakaua.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1878 Portuguese contract laborers arrive on September 30.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1879 Cornerstone of ‘Iolani Palace is laid on December 31.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1880 An eruption of Mauna Loa threatens Hilo in November.
Princess Ruth Ke’elikolani asks the gods to spare Hilo,
and the lava flow stops.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1881 King Kalakaua’s trip around the world begins in January.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1882 ‘Iolani Palace is completed in December.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1883 King Kalakaua and Queen Kapi’olani hold a coronation
ceremony in front of ‘Iolani Palace.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1887 King Kalakaua is forced by the Hawaiian League to sign
the “bayonet constitution” on July 6.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
King Kalakaua supposedly "ceded" Pearl Harbor to the U.S.:
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F20617FD345515738DDDAF0894D9415B8285F0D3
Reference: NEW YORK TIMES, 1892, article PARADISE IN THE PACIFIC
1889 Robert Wilcox leads an unsuccessful revolution against
the Reform Government on July 30 to restore power to the
King.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
U.S. Blaine 'took steps to make the Reciprocity Treaty permanent in 1889'....
Note: King David Kalakaua had no rights to Halawa Ahupuaa (mountain to the sea), Pearl Harbor, Oahu. The claimed conveyance is a Fraud, and is null and void.
The following article gives some of the reasons:
Who OWNS PEARL HARBOR?
compiled by Amelia Gora (2011)
JOHN YOUNG, counselor of Kamehameha was given Halawa/Pearl Harbor Ahupuaa by Kamehameha.
Reference: JOHN YOUNG'S WILL
Kamaikui/Grace Kamaikui was given the Halawa/Pearl Harbor Ahupuaa by Keoni Ana/John Young Jr. thru division of JOHN YOUNG'S lands in 1848.
A FRAUD DEED signed by King David Kalakaua PURPORTS to convey and already conveyed property to KEKUANAOA AND KAMAIKUI in 1876! Do take notice that KEKUANAOA (ancestor of ours) died in 1868 and KAMAIKUI/GRACE KAMAIKUI (ancestor of ours) died in 1866!
King David Kalakaua was claimed to sign a Reciprocity Treaty with the U.S. but note the following from the NEW YORK TIMES, a Premeditation article "PARADISE IN THE PACIFIC..." - looking to assume a neutral, friendly nation documented:
PARADISE IN THE PACIFIC; THE MANY ATTRACTIONS OF THE SANDWICH ISLANDS. SO SITUATED THAT THEY ARE BOUND TO INCREASE IN IMPORTANCE -- A GROWING BELIEF THAT THEY WILL EVENTUALLY BE ANNEXED BY THE UNITED STATES.
A.R.C. ();
November 06, 1892,
, Section , Page 14, Column , words
Copyrighted, 1892, by the the New-York Times. HONOLULU, Oct 1. -- Sailing for six days due Southwest from San Francisco, the steamers or the Union Steamsnip Company reach Honolulu, distant 2,100 miles. If you will glance at a map of the Pacific, you will be struck with the fact that the Sandwich Island group looks to be a half-way house of call for the three great continents of North America, Australia, and Asia.
Note: This article will open in PDF format. Get Adobe Acrobat Reader or Learn More »
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/ archive-free/pdf?res= F20617FD3455157...
U.S. Blaine 'took steps to make the Reciprocity Treaty permanent in 1889'....
"The provision to land troops killed the proposed treaty...."
Reference: NEW YORK TIMES article PARADISE IN THE PACIFIC, November 6, 1892.
Note: If King David Kalakaua had no rights to Halawa, Pearl Harbor, then such conveyance is a Fraud, null and void.
Since Queen Emma did not have the ownership to HALAWA because she did not have descendants, the lands continue to be owned by the descendants of JOHN YOUNG, and KAMAIKUI as documented in her Will, and as documented in the land documents, because KAMAIKUI did have descendants/heirs due to her marriage to ISAAC DAVIS, another English man who was a Counselor of Kamehameha. Their children were: Hueu Davis, Kale Davis, and Peke Davis.
When BERNICE PAUAHI died in 1884, it appears that a conspiracy was set by the Trustees of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estates with Charles Reed Bishop and Friends to assist the U.S. by placing King David Kalakaua under stress, duress, usurpation, and coercion to add a phony/fictitious deed so that Queen Emma married to Kamehameha IV would be part of a deed covering KEKUANAOA/Mataio Kekuanaoa's claims and disregarding the fact that KEKUANAOA/ Mataio Kekuanaoa had a last wife named Kalima who has descendants such as myself.
TRULY WICKED documented.............
Since Queen Emma did not have the ownership to HALAWA because she did not have descendants, the lands continue to be owned by the descendants of JOHN YOUNG, and KAMAIKUI as documented in her Will, and as documented in the land documents, because KAMAIKUI did have descendants/heirs due to her marriage to ISAAC DAVIS, another English man who was a Counselor of Kamehameha. Their children were: Hueu Davis, Kale Davis, and Peke Davis.
When BERNICE PAUAHI died in 1884, it appears that a conspiracy was set by the Trustees of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estates with Charles Reed Bishop and Friends to assist the U.S. by placing King David Kalakaua under stress, duress, usurpation, and coercion to add a phony/fictitious deed so that Queen Emma married to Kamehameha IV would be part of a deed covering KEKUANAOA/Mataio Kekuanaoa's claims and disregarding the fact that KEKUANAOA/ Mataio Kekuanaoa had a last wife named Kalima who has descendants such as myself.
explains why there are lots of issues in microfilms KING KALAKAUA'S HAWAII, Archives and Main Library, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii................
1890 King Kalakaua departs for San Francisco on November 25.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1891 King Kalakaua dies in San Francisco on January 20 and his
body is returned to Hawai’i. Lili’uokalani is proclaimed
queen on January 29.
Ref: Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
1891 - "Liliuokalani, an outspoken member of her sex, opposed ceding Peart Harbor to the U.S....."
Reference: CHRONICLE OF AMERICA, Chronicle Publications Inc. 1891 article.
1893. January 9: PREMEDITATION TO ASSUME A Neutral, Friendly, Non-Warring Nation by the U.S.:
Queen Liliuokalani opposed the U.S. in Pearl Harbor.
This NEW YORK TIMES article, found by researcher Shane Lee, shows that U.S. Congress, President - Benjamin Harrison, former American Civil War General, gave standing orders to take over the Hawaiian Islands/Hawaiian Kingdom/Ko Hawaii Pae Aina. Note the date January 8, 1893 and article published on January 9, 1893.
Then, on January 15, 1893 or two days before
dethroning our Queen Liliuokalani, they left their Warship BOSTON as
recorded in the news article from the CHRONICLE OF AMERICA, Chronicle
Publications, Inc. article of 1893.........further evidence of breaking
the Permanent Friendship Treaty with the Hawaiian Kingdom and breaching
the Law of Nations.....placing our Queen Liliuokalani, her families, her
subjects and all who supported our Queen under duress, coercion,
stress, usurpation since 1893!
1893 Queen Lili’uokalani is deposed on January 17; a
provisional government is established under Sanford B.
Dole. On March 29 James H. Blount is sent by the U.S.
president to learn the facts of the overthrow of the
queen. President Cleveland sends a message to Congress
condemning the overthrow and annexation of Hawai’i on
December 18.
Note: The following is part of researcher Keanu Sai's findings:
The first illegal overthrow of the Hawaiian Islands occurred on January 17, 1893.
Newly elected U.S. President Grover Cleveland commissioned James Blount to investigate the events that led to the January 17, 1893 Executive Assignment from Hawaii's Queen [the overthrow]. James Blount's investigation concluded that U.S. diplomatic and military representative had abused their authority and were responsible for the change in [the Hawaiian] government. Emphasis added.
This was also noted in U.S. Public Law 103-150, the Apology Bill. That however, is a House Joint Resolution which has no affect
over another country. Although this Public Policy was not put into a treaty to properly apologize to native Hawaiians as well as
Hawaiian nationals for the change in government the U.S. caused to the sovereign people of the Hawaiian Kingdom, the apology itself has resonated serious repercussions in the global community and the external sovereignty of the Hawaiian kingdom is still recognized by many countries, the internal sovereignty is currently oppressed by the belligerent occupation of the United States.
The January 17, 1893 Executive Assignment, International Compact, between the U.S. and the Kingdom triggers the U.S. to implement Hawaiian Kingdom law, this is in accordance to the International Laws of Occupation.
On December 18, 1893 the Queen entered into the Executive Agreement of Restoration, which was conditioned by U.S.
President Cleveland to provide amnesty to insurgents that perhaps were influenced by U.S. Plenipotentiary Minister John L. Stevens who himself was afforded diplomatic immunity to escape treason under Hawaiian Kingdom law.
The December 18, 1893 Executive Agreement of Restoration, International Compact, estops any transactions within the Hawaiian Kingdom jurisdiction and bind the office of the U.S. President under the U.S. Executive Branch of Government until that Agreement has been fulfilled; unless the U.S. implements Kingdom law, in which to date it has not done so!
You can see the monumental impact this will have not only in Hawaii, but globally, as anything recorded at the Bureau of Conveyances and business registrations are all null and void since January 17, 1893.
The Provisional Government was made up of a group calling themselves the committee of safety. They were in fact insurgents and without any authority from the Hawaiian Kingdom!
The Provisional Government, which President Cleveland had pleaded to the Queen to provide amnesty, later changed their name to the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.
The U.S. Congress prevented President Cleveland from restoring the Hawaiian Kingdom in two separate House Joint Resolutions, rendering him a Lame Duck! We now have case law that clearly indicate that Congress of the U.S. has no authority beyond its borders as authority belongs to the U.S. President in his Executive capacity and the Executive Agreements entered into must be honored under the U.S. Supremacy Law as the Law of the Land, overriding State of Hawaii laws and U.S. Federal laws.
Officers of the Court are held to a higher degree to observe the U.S. Supremacy Law as they have taken an oath to uphold the U.S. Constitution, failure to recognize the two Executive Agreements, International Compacts, will equate to an International War Crime in accordance to the Geneva Convention and U.S. military rules of engagement.
Note:
Premeditation evidence has been found which nulls and voids all transactions by treasonous persons, criminal deviants supported by a conspiring nation.
1893 - Mar. 11 NEW YORK TIMES:
THE OVERTHROW OF A QUEEN; MR. BLOUNT'S REPORT OF THE HAWAIIAN REVOLUTION. The Commissioner's Instructions and How They Were Followed -- Exhaustive History of the Causes Leading up to the Conspiracy Which Minister Stevens Aided -- Successful Only Through His Acts -- Annexation Would Be Voted Down in a Fair Election.
[ DISPLAYING ABSTRACT ]
WASHINGTON, Nov. 18 -- The report of James H. Blount, Special Commissioner to the Hawaiian Islands, is herewith presented in full:
Note: This article will open in PDF format. Get Adobe Acrobat Reader or Learn More »
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F70B16FA3E5A1A738DDDA80A94D9415B8385F0D3
Issues of Duress are on the records, along with Fraud, Deceit, Genocide, etc.
Reference: CHRONICLE OF AMERICA, Chronicle Publications Inc. 1894 article.
The Hawaiian Disgrace http://query.nytimes.com/mem/ archive-free/pdf?res= F70A1FF7345D117...
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/ archive-free/pdf?res= F70A1FF7345D117...
Shameful Conspiracy https://docs.google.com/leaf? id= 0B6Gs4av5Se1wN2Y2YjAwOTItOTEwM C0...
https://docs.google.com/leaf? id= 0B6Gs4av5Se1wN2Y2YjAwOTItOTEwM C0...
Notice how they viewed our people, Queen Liliuokalani likened to
barbarians? The intent was to put out negative comments/negative
propaganda against friendly neutral nation's people.
Reference: Card index at the Archives, Iolani Palace grounds, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii.
Reference: Archives, Iolani Palace grounds, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii
1894. July 4 - President Cleveland gave orders to the military
in Hawaii by sending his messenger, newly appointed Albert S. Willis to restore
the Monarchy and make peace with the Royalists and the
American businessmen, whose goal was to Annex Hawaii.
Reference: CHRONICLE OF AMERICA, Chronicle Publications Inc. 1894 article (see above).
1894 Republic of Hawai’i is established on July 3 by the
provisional government. Sanford B. Dole becomes
president on July 4.
1895 Robert Wilcox fails to lead a revolt to restore the
monarchy. Lili’uokalani is arrested, and abdicates on
January 24.
Hawaii was returned to Queen Liliuokalani in 1895 according to the 1901 NEW YORK TIMES newspaper.
1895 Jan 6 Counter-revolution to restore Liliuokalani to throne. Failed.
1895 Jan 7 Queen Liliuokalani "was arrested for no specific charged offense, taken by force, and confined alone in the Iolani Palace....She was told that those she dearly loved, personal friends, were awaiting execution, and the only act which would save their lives was an act of abdication to be signed by her...To save those she loved she executed the document you publish. It was an act consummated under the plainest kind of duress, void even had it been legally executed."
Ref: Washington Evening Star article "The Republic of Hawaii" purchased off the internet from a private owner in Greece.
1895 Jan 24 Liliuokalani signs statement of abdication. She remained under duress, stress, coercion, and usurpation. She directed her subjects to maintain a neutral, friendly, non-violent status, even though many were beaten, killed, thrown on Kalaupapa, Molokai and declared lepers. The issues of genocide remain, the issues of piracy(ies) on the high seas remain, along with theft, conspiracies, treasonous activities, etc.
1895 Oct 2 The Queen was tried and convicted of treason. While sentenced to confinement in her room in Iolani Palace, she composed "The Queen's Prayer."
Princess Poomaikelani died. She had called her a daughter. Her descendants/heirs descendants exist today.
Under stress, duress, usurpation, coercion, etc. “The Queen held her throne through her oath and Constitution, and Abdicated when She Declared Herself Above Them.”
190 subjects of the Kingdom of Hawaii were imprisoned, 137 were charged with “treason and open rebellion; 141 “treason” and 12 “misprision (of treason).” 22 exiled to the United States; three were deported to Canada; five were given suspended sentences; five were acquitted. Several were fined and given sentences of hard labor.
Queen Liliuokalani, aged 57, was placed on Trial in the Iolani Palace Throne Room, minus the stolen kahili’s (decors), minus the stolen portraits, minus the stolen rugs/ carpets, minus the stolen gold and crimson chairs, etc., by a military commission composed of the entity group calling themselves a de facto government supported by the United States.
*Note: The furniture, plates, personal jewelry, dinner plates, silverware, etc. were stolen, auctioned from the Iolani Palace. The carpets were cut into pieces and sold as souveniers of the Iolani Palace, etc. Pieces have slowly been returned or purchased by the Friends of the Iolani Palace, etc.
THE PLUNDERING UPON HAWAII’S MONARCHIES RESOURCES occurred at this time.
In Washington, “Morgan, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, today presented the report of the investigations of that committee made under a resolution requiring it to report “whether any, and if so what irregularities occurred in the diplomatic or other intercourse between the United States and Hawaii in relation to the secret political revolution in Hawaii.
The report is prepared by Morgan and concurred in by Frye, Dolph and Davis, Republican members of the committee, who make also a supplemental report….Morgan begins with the proposition that this Government in dealing with any form of government in Hawaii, can have no break in its line of policy corresponding to any change in the office of President. It is in all respects the same government as if under the same President during the entire period. The President, however, has the right to change his opinion and policy, but it must be regarded as a change of mind in the same person.
AGAINST MONARCHISM
The report then declares against monarchism in the islands, saying we exercise at least moral suzerainty over Hawaii, which, it says, “is an American State embraced in the American commercial and military system,” entitling it to the indulgent consideration, if not active sympathy, is its endeavors to release her people from the odious anti-Republican regime, and subordinate her people to the supposed divine
right of a monarch “whose title to such divinity originated in the most slavish conditions of pagan barbarity.”…….The Hawaiian Monarchy had perished…”
Note: J.P. Morgan and friends have FAILED TO DO THEIR HOMEWORK… Royal descendants of Kamehameha EXIST,including the author of this paper, Amelia Kuulei Gora, one of Kamehameha’s descendants, a Royal Person not subject to the laws. Families claims documenting FRAUD has been recorded over time… the PROBATES, other documentation have testimonies and other indications of FRAUD, DECEIT, CORRUPTION, CRIMINAL DEVIANCE, CRIMINAL MALFEASANCE documented.
It is from this point on that the BULK OF RESOURCES of HAWAII appears to have been PLUNDERED UPON.
additional notes: see http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3225/is_3_31/ai_n29298686/
The duty of the benevolent master: from sovereignty to suzerainty and the biopolitics of intervention
by Heriberto Cairo
Recent claims about humanitarian intervention express forms of domination that are both geopolitical and increasingly constructed around a biopolitical duty to relieve the suffering of brutalized peoples. This paper examines this presumed duty in the context of tensions between juridical-institutional accounts of sovereignty and practices of suzerainty in which intervention "outside" is accompanied by intervention "inside." KEYWORDS: intervention, sovereignty, suzerainty, biopolitics, imperialism.
**********
Expressed in a formula, one might say: all the means by which one has
so far attempted to make mankind moral were through and through
immoral.
--Friedrich Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols, 1895
The propinquity of modern nation-states to war underwent a new turn after the end of the Cold War, which was for some analysts also the end of "the long twentieth century." The institutional-juridical model of sovereignty is said to be less and less the base of the relations between states. Only the most "spectacular" feature of sovereignty is well maintained: Territorial integrity persists. The geopolitics of territories now articulates with a biopolitics, producing sovereign power over "naked life." A system of sovereign states is giving way to a suzerain order of traditional and new political entities, and war (and its legitimation) reflects these changes. The recent invasion of Iraq is widely seen to be exemplary in this respect.
According to the president of the United States, George W. Bush, as well as the official communications of the White House and the US Departments of Defense and State, the so-called Operation Iraqi Freedom undertaken by an "international coalition" of states (the definition of this coalition being suspect from the beginning because of the unwillingness of many relevant states to participate in it) (1) in order to achieve two main objectives: to eliminate the "weapons of mass destruction" (WMDs) that the Iraqi regime supposedly had, and to end the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein: "My fellow citizens, at this hour, American and coalition forces are in the early stages of military operations to disarm Iraq, to free its people and to defend the world from grave danger." (2)
1896 - Fall. Liliuokalani freed by the entity Republic and remained under duress, coercion, usurpation, and stress.
1897 - June. Oppositions to Annexation signed by Queen Liliuokalani submitted to the U.S., Washington, D.C. The following documents were found in the U.S. - Maryland National Archives by researcher Kiliwehi Kekumano:
1897 - October 22. Opposition to reports that Princess Kaiulani would succeed Queen Liliuokalani was denied.
1897 A petition against annexation, with 21,269 names, is
presented to the U.S. Senate in December.
1898 President McKinley signs a joint resolution of Congress
on July 7 to annex Hawai’i to the
United States. Hui Aloha ‘Aina for Men, Hui Aloha ‘Aina
for Women, and Hui Kalai’aina send a resolution to
President Dole and U.S. Minister Resident Sewell,
protesting the annexation of Hawai’i in August.
1898 - August 12. Researcher Keanu Sai documents the following:
The second illegal overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom occurred on August 12, 1898.
The signatures of around 38,000 Hawaiian Nationals, against the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands to the U.S. in 1897, known as the Ku'e petitions, resulted in the failure of the U.S. Congress meeting the required votes in order to accept the proposed Bill for a Treaty of Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands. A true victory procured by our kupunas and certain members of the U.S. Congress for the preservation of the Hawaiian Kingdom.
That Treaty of Annexation was proposed by the Republic of Hawaii insurgents, not the Hawaiian Kingdom.
Further, the December 18, 1893 Agreement of Restoration would have stopped that transaction had it gone through.
President McKinley via Newlands Resolution annexed Hawaii on July 7, 1898, in which a formal ceremony took place in Hawaii on August 12, 1898. The second illegal overthrow of the Hawaiian Islands!
The Hawaiian Kingdom gained its independence as an independent nation State on November 28, 1843 [La Kuokoa] by a Joint Anglo-Franco Proclamation signed at the Court of London.
Timoteo Haalilio was the first diplomatic envoy from the Hawaiian Islands along with William Richards and Sir George Simpson to accomplish that task.
http://hawaiiankingdom.org/ treaties.shtml
Hawaii's independence was further officially recognized by the U.S. a little over seven months later on July 6, 1844 in its informal recognition of Hawaii's independence back in 1842, by U.S. President John Tayler.
Once independence is recognized it is done, the only way a country can loose it is by a treaty of cession or treaty by conquest none of which happened in Hawaii. Note: a treaty by conquest was only outlawed in 1920, so you can see that the Queen had much to be concerned about even up to the time of her death in 1917.
Note: Queen Liliuokalani was under duress, coercion, stress, and usurpation along with all of her loyal subjects.
All claims, contracts made by treasonous persons were null and void.
The Hawaiian Islands/Hawaiian archipelago was recognized by Russia during the lifetime of Kamehameha as recorded by Kotzbue.
Other nations recognized the Hawaiian Kingdom and paid for docking fees, commerce, supplies while passing through the Hawaiian Islands since the lifetime of Kamehameha.
The signatures of Hawaiian subjects objecting to Annexation was found in the National Archives by researcher Noenoe Silva.
The actual oppositions to Annexation by Queen Liliuokalani was found in the National Archives, Maryland, by researcher Kiliwehi Kekumano. See documents posted within this article.
1899 An epidemic of bubonic plague breaks out in Honolulu on
December 12.
1900 A fire intended to rid Chinatown of the plague burns out
of control and destroys 38 acres. President McKinley
signs the Organic Act on April 30, and the Territory of
Hawai’i, headed by Sanford B. Dole as its first governor,
is inaugurated on June 14. Home Rule Party of Kanaka
Maoli nationalists wins a majority in the first
legislature and sends Robert Wilcox as the first
territorial Delegate to Congress. Puerto Ricans are
brought in to work on sugar plantations.
1901 First territorial legislature convenes in Honolulu in
February.
1902 Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalaniana’ole becomes Hawai’i second
Delegate to Congress. A Pacific cable is laid between
the U.S. mainland and Hawai’i.
1903 Koreans begin to arrive in Hawai’i.
1906 James D. Dole builds the first pineapple cannery in
Honolulu. First Filipino plantation workers arrive.
First movie theater, Orpheum, is built.
1907 Walter F. Frear appointed governor. College of
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (later the University of
Hawai’i) is built.
1909 Municipal government begins for the City and County of
Honolulu, Joseph James Fern is elected the first mayor.
First major plantation strike (Japanese) lasts 3 months.
1912 Duke Kahanamoku sets world record in the 100-metre event
at the Olympic Games in Stockholm, Sweden.
1915 Bus service is introduced by Honolulu Rapid Transit Co.
1916 Waiahole Tunnel is built, bringing windward O’ahu water
to central O’ahu plantations.
1917 Queen Lili’uokalani dies on November 11.
1918 United States enters World War I.
1919 Prince Kuhio introduces in Congress the first bill to
grant statehood to Hawai’i on February 11.
Prince Kuhio Kalanianaole Treasonous Person introduced Statehood in 1920 https://docs.google.com/leaf? id= 0B6Gs4av5Se1wMzY0NzE3ZDUtZGE5M i0...
https://docs.google.com/leaf? id= 0B6Gs4av5Se1wMzY0NzE3ZDUtZGE5M i0...
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1920 12,000 Japanese and Filipino workers strike separately.
19th amendment of the U.S. grants suffrage to women.
1921 Congress passes the Hawaiian Homes Commission Act,
setting aside 200,000 acres for homesteading by Kanaka
Maoli.
1922 Hawaiian Pineapple Company buys most of the island of
Lana’i for growing and processing pineapple. Ala Wai
Canal is dredged and Waikîkî wetlands are filled in.
1925 First non-stop flight from the U.S. mainland to Hawai’i
is completed.
1929 - January 31. A criminal document was recorded and left in the Archives, Iolani
Palace grounds, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, with the claims that this was the Opposition to Annexation filed by Queen Liliuokalani in 1897-1898.....Evidence of genocide:
with Kiliwehi's document found or the REAL ONE.....then you'll realize how WICKED they were and are!
Additional Reference:
http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/nietzsche/1886/beyond-good-evil/index.htm
Friedrich Nietzsche
Beyond Good and Evil
Written: 1886
First Published: 1909-1913
Source: Project Gutenberg (from The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche (1909-1913))
Transcription: John Mamoun, Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team for Project Gutenberg; html markup by Brian Baggins.
Translation: (from the German) Helen Zimmern
Copyleft: Friedrich Nietzsche Internet Archive (marxists.org) 2003.Permission is granted to copy and/or distribute this document under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License.Contents:
Preface
Chapter I (PREJUDICES OF PHILOSOPHERS)
Chapter II (THE FREE SPIRIT)
Chapter III (THE RELIGIOUS MOOD)
Chapter IV (APOPHTHEGMS AND INTERLUDES)
Chapter V (THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MORALS)
Chapter VI (WE SCHOLARS)
Chapter VII (OUR VIRTUES)
Chapter VIII (PEOPLES AND COUNTRIES)
Chapter IX (What is Noble?)
FROM THE HEIGHTS
*************************************************************************
Summary
The highlights of this document follows:
* Multitples of Premeditation evidence to assume a neutral, friendly nation found, which makes all transactions null and void.
* Further investigations into the backgrounds of treasonous persons, their transactions, etc. needs to be reviewed.
* Adjudication of treasonous persons, their transactions, etc. must be made by the Hawaiian Kingdom/Ko Hawaii Pae Aina.
* Review of Duress, Coercion, Stress, Usurpation on a neutral, non-violent, friendly nation needs to be made. The results of duress, coercions, etc. on leaders, Royal families, owners of lands, etc.
* True owners of Pearl River/Pearl Harbor which is part of the Halawa Ahupuaa (mountain to the sea) and the Frauds uncovered.
* Review of Friedrich Nietzche's works, etc.
* Review of the Morgan banker's directives to the President and Congress pertaining to the Hawaiian lands, etc.
* etc.
https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=LIFxbOZezhE
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3:00 Added to queuePeter Paul and Mary, Blowing in the Wind
Peter Paul and Mary, Blowing in the Wind Lyrics: How many roads must a man walk down Before they call him a man? How many seas must a white dove ...
by cschoon1213 | 1 year ago | 41,721 views
***************Legal Notice
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RESEARCH REFERENCES
Alexander, William A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE (1891)
Allen, Helena G. SANFORD BALLARD DOLE Hawaii’s Only President 1844-1926 (1988) The Arthur H. Clark Co
Allen, Thomas B. WAR GAMES(1987) Berkeley Publishing Co.
Allport, Gordon W. THE NATURE OF PREJUDICE (1958) Addison- Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
American Institute of Banking STANDARD BANKING (1928)
Appleton, D. –Century Company THE NEW CENTURY DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (1946) D. Appleton – Century Company
Bailey, Paul Dayton THOSE KINGS AND QUEENS OF OLD HAWAII (1975) Westernlore Press
Barratt, Glynn THE RUSSIAN VIEW OF HONOLULU 1808-26 (1988) Carleton University Press
Barrere, Dorothy B. THE KING’S MAHELE The Awardees & Their Land (1994)
Bishop, Reverend Sereno E. WHY ARE THE HAWAIIAS DYING OUT? Or, ELEMENTS OF DISABILITY FOR SURVIVAL AMONG THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE (1888)
Bishop, William Henry ONE OF THE THIRTY PIECES from STORIES BY AMERICAN AUTHORS (1902) Charles Scribner’s Sons
Black, Henry Campbell BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (1968) West Publishing Co.
Bobley Publishing Corp. ILLUSTRATED WORLD ENCYCLOPEDIA (1977) Mer-Fried Corporation; Bobley Publishing Corp.
Bolton, Herbert Eugene HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS A Syllabus with Maps (1928) Gin and Company
Boswell, Douglas ALL ABOUT HAWAII combined with THRUM’S HAWAIIAN ANNUAL AND STANDARD
GUIDE (1962) Star-Bulletin Printing Co. Inc.
Boyle, Donzella Cross QUEST OF A HEMISPHERE (1970) Published by Western Islands
Char, Tin Yuke THE SANDALWOOD MOUNTAINS (1975) by The University of Hawaii Press of Hawaii
Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs HAWAII STATEHOOD – Hearings on H.R. 49; S. 156; S. 1782 United States Government Printing Office
Cordy, Ross A REGIONAL SYNTHESIS OF HAMAKUA DISTRICT – Island Of Hawaii (1994) Historic Preservation Division, Dept. of Land and Natural Resources
Costain, Anne N. INVITING WOMEN’S REBELLION A Political Process Interpretation of the Women’s Movement (1992) The John Hopkin’s University Press
Craig, Robert D. HISTORICAL DICTIONARY OF HONOLULU (1998) Scarecrow Press, Inc. Craven, Avery and Johnson, Walter THE UNITED STATES Experiment in Democracy (1950) The Athenaeum Press De Vries, Julian LIVES OF THE PRESIDENTS (1940) The World Publishing Co. Doughterty, Michael TO STEAL A KINGDOM (1996) Island Style Press Faragher, John M.; Buhle, Mari Jo; Czitrom, Daniel; Armitage, Susan H. OUT OF MANY A History of the American People Volume II (1994) Prentice-Hall Inc. Forbes, Rev. A. A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF REMARKABLE EVENTS (1865) Fornander, Abraham CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF EVENTS IN HAWAIIAN HISTORY out of HISTORY OF THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE (1996) Mutual Publishing Frontier Press THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS (1922) The Frontier Press Garraty, John A. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE And McCaughey, Robert A. AMERICAN NATION (1987) Harper & Row, Publishers Inc. Gessler, Clifford TROPIC LANDFALL – The Port of Honolulu (1942) Country Life Press Gora, Amelia K./ Gora, Amelia AFFIDAVIT/LIEN (1986) filed at the Bureau of Kuulei Conveyances No. 96-177455 (281 pages); 12/17/96; Honolulu, Hawaii KAOLEIOKU- Kamehameha’s Oldest Son His Descendants And Heirs (1997) by Author MAKA ALA THE SLEEPING GIANT (2000) by Author CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF HAWAII, ABROAD, AND TE UNITED STATES 350A.D - 2001 A.D. (2001) HAWAIIAN GENEALOGY INTRODUCTORY GENEALOGY CHARTS OF THE ROYAL FAMILIES CROWN LANDS PEARL HARBOR AND THE RECIPROCITY TREATY- THE TRUTH KAMEHAMEHA’S DESCENDANTS, HEIRS AND TERRORISTS HISTORICAL EVIDENCE AFFECTING ALL LANDS IN HAWAII MAINTAINING QUEEN LILIUOKALANI’S CLAIMS, ETC. HANA, MAUI HUI – JOINT OWNERSHIP WITH QUEEN LILIUOKALANI PIRATES OF THE PACIFIC: CHARLES RED BISHOP AND FRIENDS WARS, CONFLICTS AND GENOCIDE HAWAIIAN ABC’S WILLS 1 – 180 – OUT OF HAWAII’S ARCHIVES ROYAL SCHOOLS STUDENTS 1839-1847 – THEIR DESCENDANTS AND HEIRS -for Kamehameha descendants/heirs only- MAINTAINING CLAIMS TO HAWAII BY QUEEN LILIUOKALANI’S AND THE HIGH CHIEFS GENEALOGIES HAWAIIAN/KANAKA MAOLI HANDBOOK Handy, E. S. Craighill THE POLYNESIAN FAMILY And Pukui, Mary Kawena SYSTEM IN KA-U (1972) Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc. Hawaii Historic Preservation Staff HISTORIC PRESERVATION IN HAWAII (1976) Grant in aid Funding from the Department of Interior, National Park Service Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society MISSIONARY ALBUM (1937) Honolulu Star Bulletin, Lmtd. Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society PORTRAITS OF AMERICAN PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES IN HAWAII (1961) Hawaiian Mission Children’s Society Hunter, Charles H. INDEX PUBLICATIONS OF THE HAWAIIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY (1968) Hawaiian Historical Society Hutchins, LL.B. Wells A. THE HAWAIIAN SYSTEM OF WATER RIGHTS (1946) Coop between the United States Department of Agriculture and the Board of Water Supply, City and County of Honolulu Icke, David AND THE TRUTH SHALL SET YOU FREE (1995) Bridge of Love Publications Ii, John Papa FRAGMENTS OF HAWAIIAN HISTORY (1959) Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Joesting, Edward TIDES OF COMMERCE (1983) First Hawaiian, Inc. Jones, Walter S. THE LOGIC OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (1991) Harper Collins Publishers Kamakau, Samuel M. RULING CHIEFS OF HAWAII (1992) Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estates Kelly, Marion and Quintal, Sidney Cultural History Report of Makua Military Michael Reservation and Vicinity, Makua Valley, Oahu Kent, Harold CHARLES REED BISHOP (1965) Landoll, Inc. WEBSTER’S DICTIONARY (1997) Landoll, Inc. Lea, Homer THE VALOR OF IGNORANCE (1909) Harper and Brothers Liliuokalani, Lydia Kamakaeha HAWAII’S STORY BY HAWAII’S QUEEN (1898)Tuttle Loomis, Albertine TO ALL PEOPLE A History of the Hawaii Conference of the United Church of Christ (1970) Kingsport Press, Inc. McNeil, Genna Rae HISTORICAL JUDGMENTS RECON- And Winston, Michael R. SIDERED (1988) Howard University Press Missionaries at Lahaina MEMOIR OF KEOPUOLANI, Late Queen of the Sandwich Islands (1825) Crocker & Brewster Publishers Moores, Litt.D. Charles W. LINCOLN ADDRESSES AND LETTERS (1914) American Book Company Morgan, James OUR PRESIDENTS (1930) The Review of Reviews Company And published by arrangement with The Macmillan Company Morison, Samuel Eliot THE OXFORD HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE (1965) Oxford University Press Niblack, William C. TORRENS IN THE UNITED STATES; THE TORRENS SYSTEM ITS COST AND COMPLEXITY (1903) Brown-Cooper Typesetters Co. Native Hawaiians Study Commission NATIVE HAWAIIANS STUDY COMMISSION Volumes I and II (1983) Norton, Thomas James THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES Its Sources and Its Application – A Handbook for Citizens and Public Officials; Oath Taken by all Officers elected or Appointed to Civil or Armed Services (1947) America’s Future, Inc. Pukui, Mary Kawena and HAWAIIAN DICTIONARY(1986) University of Elbert, Samuel H. Hawaii Press Sai, David Keanu EVOLUTION OF HAWAIIAN KINGDOM LAW Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Kingdom (1997) (note: bibliography use only – not affiliated) Schmitt, Robert C. THE MISSIONARY CENSUSES OF HAWAII #20 Dept. of Anthropology; Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum Spoehr, Anne Harding THE ROYAL LINEAGES OF HAWAII – Bishop Museum Special Publication 84 (1989) Bishop Museum Press Stanley, David MICRONESIA HANDBOOK(1989) Moon Publn. Stone, Irving CLARENCE DARROW FOR THE DEFENSE (1969) New American Library
Twain, Mark
THE FAMILY MARK TWAIN (1935) Harper and Brothers Publishers
Wells, H. C. THE OUTLINE OF HISTORY (1949) Garden City Books
Williams, William Appleman THE TRAGEDY OF AMERICAN DIPLOMACY (1962)World Publishing Company
**************************** THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL by John Moody (1919) Yale University “BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE The literature covering special phases of the development and growth of capitalized industry and “high finance” in the United States during the past half century is plentiful enough. Scores of volumes have been written on the Trusts, on particular industries, and special combinations of cpital. But no exhaustive study appears to have been made of the broad trend toward the concentration and control of industry and finance by Wall Street financiers, during the remarkable period culminating in the aggressive antitrust legislation afte the financial crash of 1907. Among the best popular books on the Standard Oil Trust may be mentioned: WEALTH AGAINST COMMON WEALTH by Henry Demarest Lloyd (1894); HISTORY OF THE STANDARD OIL TRUST, BY S.C.T. Dodd (1894); RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY, BY Gilbert Holland Montague (1903); HISTORY OF THE STANDARD OIL COMPANY, by Ida M. Tarbell (1904). To supplement these books, bringing the facts relating to this great business aggregation down to later dates, reference should be made to government exhibits, such as the report of the United States Industrial Commission (1900 and 1902); the testimony in the Supreme Court suit for dissolution (1910 and 1911) and the report of the “Money Trust Investigation” made by the Committee on Banking and Currency of the House of Representatives in 1913. These latter are a real mine of information regarding the activities not only of Standard Oil magnates in business and banking fields, but of others as well during the preceding decade. The story of the Morgan banking house has never been full told, though the LIFE STORY OF J.P. MORGAN, BY Carl Hovey (1911), presents a fair outline. Consult also, FORTY YEARS OF AMERICAN FINANCE, BY Alexander D. Noyes (1909) which contains interesting chapters on the government financing undertaken by the firm. The facts of Edward H. Harriman’s remarkable career can be culled only from the current financial publications of the period. Government reports, such as the testimony in the Supreme Court suit for the dissolution of the Northern Securities Company (1904) and the report of the Committee on Banking and Currency, show the general activities of the Harriman financiers and their connections with Wall Street. The rise to power of the steel and iron magnates and the growth of allied industries have been presented to the public in various forms. A valuable but biased work is the INSIDE HISTORY OF THE CARNEGIE STEEL COMPANY, BY James H. Bridge (1903). THE ROMANCE OF STEEL, BY Herbern N. Casson (1907) is a very readable story. On the specific subject of Wall Street mechanism and finance, THE WORK OF WALL STREET, BY Sereno S. Pratt (1912), ad WALL STREET AND THE COUNTRY, by Charles A. Conant (1904), will be found interesting. THE TRUTH ABOUT THE TRUSTS, by John Moody (1904), is a statistical exhibit of capitalized industry and finance as it existed at the apex of the merger movement. On the general subject of industrial trusts and combinations scores of volumes have been written, some of value and many worthless. Among the informing, popular books of the past two decades may be mentioned: THE STORY OF LIFE INSURANCE by Burton J. Hendrick (1907); TRUSTS, OR INDUSTRIAL COMBINATIONS AND COALITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, BY Ernst von Halle (1895); CORPORATION FINANCE, by Thomas L. Greene (1908); THE CONTROL OF TRUSTS, by John B. Clark (1901); TRUST FINANCE, by Edward Sherwood Meade (1903); THE TRUST PROBLEM, by Jeremiah W. Jenks (1900); and INDUSTRIAL COMBINATIONS AND TRUSTS, by William H. Stevens (1913). But to learn the full story of the great masters of capital of the last generation, one must depend chiefly on financial and investment periodicals. Chief among these are the COMMERCIAL AND FINANCIAL CHRONICLE, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, and the New York JOURNAL OF COMMERCE. For purely banking subjects, the BANKERS MAGAZINE is the best source of information. For full light on the subject of the control of life insurance funds by the powers of Wall Street, nothing better can be found than the report of the joint committee of the New York Legislature appointed to investigate life insurance companies (1906). The facts regarding the dissolution of the Standard Oil Trust and the American Tobacco Company are to be found in the testimony in the Supreme Court suits against those companies. The best popular description of the panic of 1907 is contained in Alexander D. Noyes’s FORTY YEARS OF AMERICAN FINANCE.”
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Permalink Reply by Amelia Gora on
- Delete
Find more Hawaiian Nation songs at Myspace Music
- http://www.myspace.com/hawaiination/music/songs/liliuo-free-24868538
-
- Long Live Ko Hawaii Pae Aina......Kamehameha's, King Kalakaua's, Queen Liliuokalani's descendants/heirs, Kanaka Maoli, Aboriginal Hawaiians, Hawaiian Nationals!
aloha.
Replies
The Committee of Safety, formally the Citizen's Committee of Public Safety, was a 13-member group of the Hawaiian League also known as the Annexation Club. The group was composed of American, Hawaiian, and European citizens who were members of the Missionary Party, as well as American and European residents in the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi that planned and carried out the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi on January 17, 1893. The goal of this group was to achieve annexation of Hawaiʻi to the United States. The new independent Republic of Hawaiʻi government was thwarted in this goal by the administration of President Grover Cleveland, and it was not until 1898 that the United States Congress approved a joint resolution of annexation creating the U.S. Territory of Hawaiʻi.
Contents
[hide][edit] Formation
The Committee of Safety originated from a leadership group when members Missionary Party began to run as Independent Party candidates. For the elections of 1884 the Missionary Party strictly ran all candidates as Independent Party candidates. To ensure that Missionaries were on the Independent ticket the “Committee of Nine” was formed April 16, 1883, to assume the leadership position of the Independent Party. The Committee of Nine were staunchly loyal to the Missionary Party, having social and economic philosophies that reflected the Missionary values. The Independent Party won 13 seats and was the minority party in the Hawaii legislature. For the following elections of 1886 the committee reconvened, this time calling themselves the “Committee of Thirteen” due to the change in members. Their intent was to make the Independent Party the majority party in the legislature. At the end of the elections the Independents won ten seats, a net loss of three seats.
[edit] The movement
In January 1887 the Committee of Thirteen formed a secret society called the Hawaiian League. No official records were kept, but Lorrin A. Thurston (the grandson of American missionaries Asa Thurston and Lorrin Andrews) drafted the group's constitution. The group was headed by an executive committee of lawyers and businessmen mostly of American descent. Membership grew through the year, including some German and British citizens, and a few part-Hawaiians. Although the politicians changed the name of their party from "Missionary" to "Reform", many wanted to become part of the United States, not just reform the monarchy.[1]:347–350 This was why the Hawaiian League was also called the Annexation Club, although not often in public.
The Hawaiian League came into control of the Honolulu Rifles made of about 200 armed local (non-native) men, under the command of enthusiastic annexationist Volney V. Ashford.[1]:352–353 In June 1887 the Hawaiian League used the Rifles to force King David Kalākaua to enact the Bayonet Constitution which limited his power. After Queen Liliʻuokalani came to power in 1891, she attempted to restore power to the throne. This caused the group to act again.
[edit] Overthrow
The precipitating event[1]:582 leading to the overthrow was the attempt by Queen Liliʻuokalani to promulgate a new constitution which would have strengthened the power of the monarch relative to the legislature in which Euro-American business elites held disproportionate power, a political situation that was a direct result of the 1887 constitution. The conspirators' stated goals were to depose the queen, overthrow the monarchy, and seek Hawaii's annexation to the United States.[1]:353,587–88
On January 16, the Marshal of the Kingdom Charles B. Wilson was tipped off to the imminent planned coup. Wilson requested warrants to arrest the 13 member Committee of Safety, and put the Kingdom under martial law. Because the members had strong political ties with United States Government Minister John L. Stevens, the requests were repeatedly denied, fearing if approved, the arrests would escalate the situation. After a failed negotiation with Thurston,[2] Wilson began to collect his men for the confrontation. Wilson and Captain of the Royal Household Guard, Samuel Nowlein, had rallied a force of 496 men who were kept at hand to protect the Queen.
The Revolution ignited on January 17 when a policeman was shot and wounded while trying to stop a wagon carrying weapons to the Honolulu Rifles. The Committee of Safety feared the shooting would bring government forces to rout out the conspirators and stop the coup before it could begin. The Rifles garrisoned Ali'iolani Hale across the street from ʻIolani Palace and waited for the queen’s response.
As these events were unfolding, the Committee of Safety expressed concern for the safety and property of American residents in Honolulu. United States Government Minister John L. Stevens, advised about these supposed threats to non-combatant American lives and property[3] by the Committee of Safety, obliged their request and summoned a company of uniformed U.S. Marines from the USS Boston and two companies of U.S. sailors to land on the Kingdom and take up positions at the U.S. Legation, Consulate, and Arion Hall on the afternoon of January 16, 1893. 162 sailors and Marines aboard the USS Boston in Honolulu Harbor came ashore well-armed but under orders of neutrality. The sailors and Marines did not enter the Palace grounds or take over any buildings, and never fired a shot, but their presence served effectively in intimidating royalist defenders. Historian William Russ states, "the injunction to prevent fighting of any kind made it impossible for the monarchy to protect itself."[4] Due to the Queen's desire "to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life" for her subjects and after some deliberation, at the urging of advisers and friends, the Queen ordered her forces to surrender. The Honolulu Rifles took over government buildings, disarmed the Royal Guard, and declared a Provisional Government.
The Hawaiian League unofficially adopted the American Flag to appeal to the US and promote annexation. The flag was raised over ʻIolani Palace by Stevens on January 17, 1893. The flag was eventually lowered by James H. Blount that April for spreading a false presumption that the US had taken control.
[edit] International Response
During the overthrow, the Japanese Imperial Navy gunboat Naniwa was docked at Pearl Harbor. The gunboat's commander, Heihachiro Togo, who later commanded the Japanese battleship fleet at Tsushima, refused to accede to the Provisional Government's demands that he strike the colors of the Kingdom, but later lowered the colors on order of the Japanese Government. Along with every other international legations in Honolulu, the Japanese Consulate-General, Suburo Fujii, quickly recognized the Provisional Government as the legitimate successor to the monarchy.[5]
Every government with a diplomatic presence in Hawaii recognized the Provisional Government within 48 hours of the overthrow, including the United States, although the recognition by the United States government and its further response is detailed in the section above on "American Response". Countries recognizing the new Provisional Government included Chile, Austria-Hungary, Mexico, Russia, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Spain, Japan, Italy, Portugal, Great Britain, Denmark, Belgium, China, Peru, and France.[6] When the Republic of Hawaii was declared on July 4, 1894, immediate recognition was given by every nation with diplomatic relations with Hawaii, except for Britain, whose response came in November 1894.[7]
[edit] Members of the committees
[edit] Committee of Nine
[edit] Committee of Thirteen
[edit] Committee of Safety
Signatories of the January 16 letter:
Others who assisted in the overthrow:
[edit] See also
[edit] References
[edit] Further reading
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Note:
Executive council of the Provisional Government (left to right):
James A. King - descendant Samuel King/Judge Samuel King recently deceased.
Sanford B. Dole - took care of Princess Kaiulani's illegitimate sister who married Lucas, head of the Masons/Freemasons and whose descendant(s) continue to work for the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estates/Kamehameha Schools Bishop Estates as one of their attorneys. Dole also took as a hanai, one of the Napoleons. Research incomplete.
W. O. Smith - some of his descendants works for the entity State, lives in Wahiawa, Mililani, and Waikele/Ewa.
P. C. Jones - research incomplete. There is a Jones family who changed it to Aluli.
Lorrin A. Thurston (the grandson of American missionaries Asa Thurston and Lorrin Andrews) - part of Kaohi/ Luwella Leonardi's family.
Samuel Andrews, uncle of Lorrin A. Thurston, helped to plan the dethronement of Queen Liliuokalani in Makua Valley and is documented as meeting with U.S. Representative Benjamin F. Tracy in 1892.
Reference: Affidavit/Lien No. 96-177455 (281 pages) filed on 12/17/96 by Amelia Gora at the Bureau of Conveyances, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii. Many other Affidavits/Liens have been filed also.
Some of the others are listed above, as well as the following covered in the PIRATES OF THE PACIFIC: CHARLES REED BISHOP AND FRIENDS by Amelia Gora which can be seen at http://myweb.ecomplanet.com/GORA8037
aloha.
REMINDING ALL OF THE EVILS OF BELLIGERENT OCCUPIERS IN OUR HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
photo by A. Gora (2010)