CORRECTIONS/UPDATES OF

A BRIEF HISTORY OF LAND TITLES
IN THE HAWAIIAN KINGDOM

BY W.D. ALEXANDER,
Superintendent of Government Survey, 1891.

by Amelia Gora (2012), one of Kamehameha's, House of Nobles members descendants/heirs, permanent parts of the Hawaiian Government, Crown Lands owners, caretakers, etc.

"The ancient system of land titles in the Hawaiian Islands was entirely different from that of tribal ownership prevailing in New Zealand, and from the village or communal system of Samoa, but bore a remarkable resemblance to the feudal system that prevailed in Europe during the Middle Ages. Although this system of land tenure was radically changed by the peaceful and beneficient revolution which took place during the reign of Kamehameha III, yet the ancient subdivisions of land remain unchanged to the present day."

A. Gora:  Background of W.D. Alexander, a Yale man - Skull and Bones, Mason/Freemason:

William DeWitt Alexander

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

William DeWitt Alexander
With his family in the 1880s
Born	April 2, 1833 Honolulu, Hawaii
Died	February 21, 1913 (aged 79)
Occupation	Educator, Surveyor
Spouse	Abigail Charlotte Baldwin
Children	Agnes Baldwin Alexander + 4 others
Parents	William Alexander Mary McKinney

William DeWitt Alexander (April 2, 1833–February 21, 1913) was an educator, author and linguist in the Kingdom of Hawaii and Republic of Hawaii. He then constructed maps for the Territory of Hawaii.

Contents   [hide]  1 Life 2 Works 3 Family tree 4 References 5 External links

[edit]Life

Alexander was born in Honolulu April 2, 1833. His father was missionaryWilliam Patterson Alexander and mother Mary Ann McKinney. He was named after William Radcliffe DeWitt (1792–1867) a Presbyterian pastor of his mother, who convinced her and her brother Edmund McKinney to become missionaries.^[1] He graduated from Punahou School in 1849, and traveled toNew England to enroll at Yale. He received a BA degree from Yale in 1855 asSalutatorian, a Master of Arts in 1858,^[2] and was a member of Skull and Bones.^[3] He returned to Hawaii and joined the faculty of Punahou School as a professor of Greek and history. He married Abigail Charlotte Baldwin (1833–1913), daughter of missionary Dwight Baldwin in 1861. He became the fourth president of Punahou (then called Oahu College) in the summer of 1864, replacing Cyrus T. Mills. Mills and his wife Susan Tolman Mills then foundedMills College.^[4] During this time Alexander published books on Hawaiian history and the Hawaiian language. His younger brother Samuel Thomas Alexander founded Alexander & Baldwin with his wife's brother Henry Perrine Baldwin. The swimming pool and athletic field at the school are named for Alexander family members.^[5][6]

In spring 1871 Alexander became Royal Surveyor-General, and Edward Payson Church replaced him as president of Punahou. On November 6, 1874 he was appointed to the Board of education, and then in 1896 Commissioner of Public Instruction.^[7] After Hawaii was annexed into the United States in 1898, Alexander was surveyor of the Territory of Hawaii. He assisted the U.S. National Geodetic Survey mapping the islands.^[7] He was a founding member of the Hawaiian Historical Society (during its second incarnation in 1893) and served as its first corresponding secretary. He wrote many articles for its journal.^[8]

Yale awarded him an honorary Doctor of laws degree in 1903.^[2] He died February 21, 1913 at the Queen's Medical Centerin Honolulu. He and his wife are buried in the cemetery at Kawaiahaʻo Church, across the street from where he was born.^[9]Daughter Mary Charlotte Alexander (1874–1961) wrote a biography of both her grandfathers^[10][11] and a history of Hawaii.^[12] Daughter Agnes Baldwin Alexander (1875–1971) became a follower of the Bahá'í Faith and author.^[13] She learned the Esperanto language^[14] and moved to Japan.^[15] He had sons William Douglas Alexander (1861–1936), Arthur Chambers Alexander (1863–1954), and Henry Edward Mansfield Alexander (June 10, 1868—August 22, 1900). William Douglas (sometimes called W.D. Alexander Jr.), was in San Francisco during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. He survived with only a few important papers stuffed in his coat.^[16] Arthur became a professor of Physics at the University of California, Berkeley and authored his own textbook.^[17]

[edit]Works

• William DeWitt Alexander (1891) [1864]. A short synopsis of the most essential points in Hawaiian grammar . Press Publishing Company Print.
• William DeWitt Alexander (1891). A brief history of the Hawaiian people . American Book Co.. ISBN 978-1-142-04130-4.
• William DeWitt Alexander (1896). History of later years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the revolution of 1893 . Hawaiian Gazette Company.
• William DeWitt Alexander (1900). Hawaiian Society Sons of the American Revolution yearbook . Hawaiian Gazette Company.
• William DeWitt Alexander (1902). Hawaiian geographic names . United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.
• William DeWitt Alexander (1907). Oahu college: list of trustees, presidents, instructors, matrons, librarians, superintendents of grounds and students, 1841-1906. Historical sketch of Oahu college . Hawaiian Gazette Company.
• "Papers by "Alexander, W. D. (William De Witt), 1833-1913"" . Hawaiian Historical Society. Retrieved 2010-04-30.

[edit]Family tree

William P. Alexander (1805–1884)

Mary Ann McKinney (1810–1888)

Amos Starr Cooke (1810–1871)

Juliette Montague (1812–1896)

Dwight Baldwin (1798–1886)

Charlotte Fowler (1805–1873)

J. W. Smith (1810–1887

David Dwight Baldwin (1831–1912)

W. O. Smith (1848–1929)

William D. Alexander (1833–1913)

Abigail Baldwin (1847–1912)

Samuel T. Alexander (1836–1904)

Martha Eliza Cooke

Ann Elizabeth Alexander (1843–1940)

Henry P. Baldwin (1842–1911)

Emily Whitney Alexander (1846–1943)

Agnes Alexander (1875–1971)

Annie Montague Alexander (1867–1950)

C.W. Dickey (1871–1942)

Belle Dickey (1880–1972)

James Dole (1877–1958)

Henry Alexander Baldwin (1871–1946)

Ethel Frances Smith (1879–1967)

J. Walter Cameron (1895–1976)

Francis Baldwin (1904–1996)

Colin C. Cameron (1927–1992) (Kapalua)

[edit]References

1. ^ The Centennial Memorial of the Presbytery of Carlisle: Biographical . Meyers Printers and Publishing House. 1889. p. 444.
2. ^ ^a b Yale University (1915). Obituary record of graduates of Yale University . The University. pp. 376–378.
3. ^ Millegan, Kris (2003). "The Skeleton Crew". Fleshing Out Skull and Bones: Investigations into America's Most Powerful Secret Society. Walterville, OR: Trine Day. pp. 597–690. ISBN 0-9720207-2-1. "This list is compiled from material from the Order of Skull and Bones membership books at Sterling Library, Yale University and other public records. The latest books available are the 1971 Living members and the 1973 Deceased Members books. The last year the members were published in the Yale Banner is 1969."
4. ^ "The History of Punahou" . Punahou school web site. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
5. ^ Walter F. Dillingham (March 1924). "Punahou's Physical Plant and the Goodhue Block Plan" . The Friend XCIV (3): p. 66.
6. ^ "Facilities: P.E. and Athletics" . Punahou School official web site. Retrieved 2010-04-28.^{[dead link]}
7. ^ ^a b "Alexander, William DeWitt office record" . state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
8. ^ Annual report of the Hawaiian Historical Society. 1. Hawaiian Historical Society. 1893. hdl:10524/86 .
9. ^ William Disbro (November 6, 2001). "Mission Houses Cemetery, Honolulu, Hawaii" . US Genweb archives. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
10. ^ Mary Charlotte Alexander (1953). Dr. Baldwin of Lahaina . M.C. Alexander.
11. ^ Mary Charlotte Alexander (1934). William Patterson Alexander in Kentucky, the Marquesas, Hawaii. Yale university press.
12. ^ Mary Charlotte Alexander (1912). The story of Hawaii . M.C. Alexander.
13. ^ Agnes Baldwin Alexander (1974). Forty years of the Baha'i cause in Hawaii: 1902-1942. The National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the Hawaiian Islands.
14. ^ Agnes B. Alexander (October 1917). "The New Education—A Universal Language" . The Friend LXXV (10): p. 228.
15. ^ Agnes Baldwin Alexander, Thomas Linard, ed., "An account of how I became a Baha’i and my stays in Paris in 1901 and 1937" , Michigan State University web site, retrieved 2010-04-29
16. ^ William Douglas Alexander (May 16, 1906). "William Douglas Alexander letter to his sister, Mary C. Alexander" . The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire Digital Collection.
17. ^ Arthur Chambers Alexander (1901) [1897]. An elementary course in experimental physics  (4 ed.). University of California.

[edit]External links

• "William De Witt Alexander (fl.1833-1913)" . Graphicus Rare and Antique maps web site. Retrieved 2010-04-29.

W.D. Alexander  and friend C. Lyons works are listed at the following link:

http://books.google.com/books/about/A_BRIEF_HISTORY_OF_THE_HAWAIIAN_PEOPLE.html?id=H3bI1KPQgU4C Free E-Book

A List of Maps of America in the Library of Congress: Preceded by ... - Google Books Result 

Reference to New Zealand and Samoa were made because during Kamehameha's period, a Treaty was made between the Hawaiian Islands, New Zealand and the Samoan Islands.  The nations were known in the International arena as the Pacific Empire.

In 1893 with the criminal premeditated dethronement of Queen Liliuokalani, the U.S. grabbed for the Hawaiian Islands, England grabbed for Aetearoa the true name for New Zealand, and France and Germany grabbed for the Samoan Islands.

This article was written in 1891 claiming there was a beneficient revolution "during the reign of Kamehameha III" ; however, Kamehameha III did make permanent changes in land ownership under the alodio/ano alodio system.  The ancient subdivisions of land was tampered with by treasonous persons, including the House of Representatives group, a voted in, temporary part of the Hawaiian Government which conspired against the permanent parts of the Government: the Sovereign and his heirs and successors; and the House of Nobles, and their bloodline descendants/heirs.

ANCIENT SUBDIVISIONS OF LAND.

"This branch of the subject has been admirably treated by Mr. C.J. Lyons in the Islander, published in 1875. In the first place, each island was divided into several Moku or Districts, of which there are six in the island of Hawaii, and the same number in Oahu. There is a district called Kona on the lee side, and one called Ko'olau on the windward side of almost every island. On Maui there are some sub-districts called Okana(s), of which there are five in the Hana district, while Lahaina is termed a Kalana."

A. Gora:  Information of 1875 by a missionary/mercenary is not the proper reference in writing an article such as this.

Lyons next to W. D. Alexander was one of the treasonous persons who helped to dethrone Queen Liliuokalani in 1893.

His 1900 book of the Hawaiian Annual is available at http://books.google.com/books?id=mNsfW05G5k0C&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=c.+lyons+of+the+Hawaiian+Islands&source=bl&ots=tm-iRYmucc&sig=UrZSAKasiGgY27aLwopbRgVmSy0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dcblT-7UMoXM2AXBwenZCQ&sqi=2&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=c.%20lyons%20of%20the%20Hawaiian%20Islands&f=false

For more treasonous persons listed, see PIRATES OF THE PACIFIC: CHARLES REED BISHOP AND FRIENDS below and listed at http://myweb.ecomplanet.com/GORA8037

The following shows the CONTENTS of the book PIRATES OF THE PACIFIC: CHARLES REED BISHOP AND FRIENDS

Dedication Introduction Drawing PIRATES OF THE PACIFIC Aldrich, William Arthur Alexander, William DeWitt Alexander, Samuel Thomas Allen, Elisha Hunt Allen, William F 2 Andrews, Lorrin Armstrong, Richard Armstrong, Samuel C. 3 Armstrong, William N. Ashford, Clarence Wilder Ashford, Marguerite Kamehaokalani 4 Atherton, Joseph Ballard Austin, Jonathan Baldwin, Henry Perrine Belknap, George 5 Bishop, Charles Reed 6 Bishop, Eben Faxon 9 Bishop, Sereno E. Bolte, C. Bond, Edward P. Bowen, William Boyd. E.S. 10 Boyd, J. H. Boyd, R. N. Brewer, Charles Brewer II, Charles 11 Brown, Charles Augustus 12 Brown, George 13 Brown, Godfrey Brown, Jacob Foster Brown, M. Bush, Gavien Fred Bush, John Edward 14 Camara, Jr., J.M. Campbell, James Carlisle, John Griffith Carter, Charles L. Carter, George Robert Carter, Henry Alpheus Pierce 16 Cartwright, Bruce Castle, Samuel Northrup 17 Castle, William R. Chamberlain, Levi Cleghorn, Archibald Scott 18 Coffman, De Witt Cooke, Amos Starr Cooke, Charles 19 Cooper, Henry Ernest Cummins, John A. Cummings, W. H. Damon, Edward Damon, Samuel Mills Davies, Theophilus Harris 20 Day, Francis R. Dayton, David Delameter, N.B. Dillingham, Benjamin Franklin Dillingham, Walter 21 Dimond, Henry Dodge, F. S. Dole, Sanford Ballard Dominis, John O. 22 Dowsett, James Isaac Emmeluth, John Fisher, Joseph Henry 23 Forbes, Anderson Oliver Frear, Walter Francis Gibson, Walter Murray Gilman, Gorham D. 24 Glade, H. F. Godkin, Edwin L. Green, William Lowthan Gresham, Walter Quintin 25 Gulick, Charles T. Hackfeld, Heinrich Hall, Edwin Oscar Hall, W. W. Harris, Charles Coffin 26 Hartwell, Alfred Stedman Hassinger, J.A. Herrick, C. f. Hobbs, L. G. Hoes, R. R. Hoffman Holt, Robert Hooper, William Northey Iaukea, Curtis Piehu 27 Ihihi, I. Irwin, William Jones, G. W. C. Jones, Peter Cushman Judd, Albert Francis 28 Judd, Bernice Judd, Charles Hastings Judd, Gerrit Parmele 29 Kaai, Simon K. Kaia, Maria Kalanianaole/Kuhio/Prince Kuhio/Kuhio Kalanianaole 30 Kalu, D Kaluna, William Kamakaia, Samuel K Kanakanui, S. M. 31 Kauanui Keohokalole, Morris K. King, James A. Kinney, William A. Ku, Sam Kulike 32 Laird Lawrence, Robert Lee, William Little Liwai, J. Low, Frederick Ferdinand Lucas, Albert Ludlow, N. Lyons, C. S. McCandless, J. A. 33 McChesney, F. W. McGrew, John S. MacCarthur, Charles L. Macy, George Mahaulu, S. Marsden, Joseph 34 Meheula, H. Moore, E. K. Moreno, Celso Morgan, James F. Mott Smith, John Nakuina, Moses K. Neumann, Paul Notley, Charles 35 Oleson, William B. Olney, Richard Oxnard, Henry T. Parker, Samuel Peterson, A. P. 36 Pratt, J. W. Preston, Edward Procter, John Robert Ralston, William C. Reeder, F. W. Rice, William Hyde Robertson, George Rosa, Geo 37 Rose, Geo C. Rowell, William E. Schurz, Carl Shipman, William Silva, Manuel Enos Simpson, W. E Smith, William Owen 38 Soper, J. H. Spalding, Z.S. Spreckels, Claus Stelker, M. Stevens, John Leavitt Swinburne, W. T. 39 Thrum, Thomas G. Thurston, Lorrin Andrews Tracy, B. F. Vida, C. E. Waity, Henry E. Wall, W. E. 40 Ward, Curtis Perry Waterhouse, John Thomas White, Jno C. Whiting, William Austin Widemann, H.A. Wilcox, Albert S. Wilcox, Charles Wilcox, George N. Wilder, William C. 41 Wilder, Jr., W. O. Willis, C. J. Wundenburg, F. W. Wyllie, Robert C. Young, Alexander 42 Young, Lucien Ziegler, C. W. United States Presidents Family(ies)/Close Friends in Hawaii  Franklin Pierce – 14th President –Term: 1853 – 1857 43  Abraham Lincoln – 16th President – Term: 1861-1865  Grover Cleveland – 22nd & 24th President – Terms: 1885-1889 and 1893-1897  Theodore Roosevelt – 26th President – Terms: 1901-1905 and 1905-1909  Franklin D. Roosevelt – 32nd President – Terms: 1933-1941; and 1941-1945;  John F. Kennedy – 35th President – Term: 1961-1963 Santa Claus from Hawaii 45  Original Owner of MACY’S: Roland H. Macy’s relatives in Hawaii  General Electric Credit Corporation  Mutual Shares Corporation  Michael A. Price  Goldman & Sachs, limited partnership with Sidney J. Weinberg  Ed Finkelstein  Mark Handler  Art Reiner  Bobby Friedman  Hal Kahn  Sidney J. Weinberg  Dan I. Hale  Kamehameha Schools/KSBE/Bishop Estates aka’s  George Macy  Internal Revenue Service of the United States government  George Macy, Jr.  LIBERTY HOUSE  MACY’S Commentary Overview of the PIRATES OF THE PACIFIC -Americans -Bankers -Genealogy Frauds -Judges -Lawyers -Missionary or Missionary descendant -Planters or Plantation employees -Pacific Cable Company/cable interests -Suspected Spy (includes Masons, etc.) -Unidentified ---Totals ---Grand Totals -----Civil War Generals in Hawaii or Family in Hawaii Summary Notes References About the Author Other Books Available

"The next subdivision of land below the Moku is the Ahupua'a, which has been termed the unit of land in the Hawaiian system. Its name, as explained by Mr. Lyons, "is derived from the Ahu or alter, which was erected at the point where the boundary of the land was intersected by the main road alaloa, which encircled each of the islands. Upon this alter, at the annual progress of the akua makahiki (i.e. year god), Lonomakua, was deposited the tax paid by the land whose boundary it marked, and also an image of a hog, pua'a, carved out of kukui wood and stained with red ochre." The typical Ahupua'a is a long narrow strip extending from the sea to the mountain, so that its chief may have his share of all the various products of the uka or mountain region, the cultivated land, and the kai or sea. On east Maui the principal lands all radiate from a large rock on the northeast brink of the crater of Haleakala, called Palaha. Eight ahupua'a(s), one in each district of East Maui, meet at this rock. The Ahupua'a(s) are extremely unequal. In several districts a few larger ahupua'a(s), widening as they extend inland, cut off all the smaller lands and take the whole mountain to themselves. The same lands generally monopolized the deep sea fisheries, leaving to the smaller ahupua'a(s) only the fishery along their shores, where the water was not more than five feet deep. On Maui the lands of Waikapu and Wailuku appropriated almost the whole of the isthmus so as to cut off half of the lands in the district of Kula from access to the sea. These two ahupua'a(s), together Wai'ehu and Waihe'e, which were independent, belonging to no Moku, were called Na Poko, and have been formed into a district in modern times. While some districts are regularly divided up into ahupua'a(s) averaging only a quarter of a mile in width and several miles in length; in others we find ahupua'a(s) like Honouliuli, in O'ahu, which contains over forty thousand acres, or the four great mountain lands of Hawai'i, viz: Kahuku, Keauhou, Humu'ula and Ka'ohe, of which the first mentioned contains 184,000 acres, mostly on the mountains. "The divisions of the lands were to a great extent made on rational lines, following a ridge, the bottom of a ravine or depression, but they were often without these and sometimes in disregard of them. Sometimes a stone or rock known to the aboriginals and notable from some tradition, or sacred uses, kind of tree, herb or grass, the habitat of a certain kind of bird, sometimes made a division. Certain persons were specially taught and made the repositories of this knowledge, which was carefully delivered from father to son." (Hawaiian Reports, Vol. IV, p. 241)"

A. Gora:  References to the Mahele meanings of the Ahupuaa Ili, etc. can be seen in the 1877 article concerning CC Harris vs. the Crown Lands Commissioners at the following link:  http://chroniclingamerica.com/lccn/sn83025121/1877-05-23/ed-1/seq-4/;words=1848+Mahele?date1=1836&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=Hawaii&date2=1922&proxtext=1848+mahele&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=4 

Later, A bankruptcy Federal Judge named Jon Chinen (dec. 2011) regarded as an expert wrote three (3) books on the Mahele.  

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE AHUPUA'A.

"The Ahupua'a(s) were generally but not always subdivided into 'Ili(s), each with its own name and carefully defined boundary. As was recognized by the decision of the Supreme Court in the Kane'ohe case, in 1877, there were two kinds of 'Ili(s) of which the first was a mere subdivision of the Ahupua'a for the convenience of the chief holding the same, who received its revenues from his konohiki or agent. The other class comprised the "'Ili Kupono" or "Ku," which were independent of the Ahupua'a, and generally did not pay tribute to its chief. Thus the transfer of the Ahupua'a to a new chief did not affect the ownership of the ku contained within its limits. In some cases these "Ili(s) absorb the greater part of the Ahupua'a in which they are situated. A well-known case is the Ahupua'a of Waimea, Hawai'i, of which the independent 'Ili(s) of Pu'ukapu and Waikoloa form about nine-tenths. The same is true of the Ahupua'a of Waikele in 'Ewa. In fact, there are some 'Ili(s) that do not seem to be included in any Ahupua'a, as for instance, the 'Ili(s) of Honolulu, which is the same of the locality, but not of an Ahupua'a."

"Another peculiarity of the 'Ili, on O'ahu at least, is that it often consists of several distinct sections of land in different parts of the Ahupua'a, which are called lele(s), i.e. "jumps." Thus many lands in Waikiki have their corresponding patches of taro land and forest in Waikiki and Manoa valleys. The taro lands of Wailupe are found in Palolo valley. In Kalihi, and also in the district of 'Ewa, are 'Ili(s) which consist of eight or ten scattered lele(s) apiece, included under one title. Each of these pieces may be spoken of either by its own individual name or by that of the whole 'Ili, which practice is a fruitful source of confusion. The 'Ili(s) were again minutely subdivided, and many of the larger patches had individual names. The patches cultivated exclusively for the chief were called koele or hakuone. In more recent times they were styled Poalima (i.e. Fridays), from the fact that the tenants of the land were formerly obliged by law to labor for their chief on Fridays. The narrow strips of cultivated dry land, separated by ridges of stones, are called Mo'o. These ridges or iwi frequently serve as boundaries between Ahupua'a(s) and 'Ili(s). This minute subdivision of the land and the great multiplicity of local names bear witness to the dense population that must have existed in ancient times."

A. Gora:  See Archives, Honolulu, Oahu, for first hand research on the meanings of an ahupuaa, konohiki, etc.

Also see:  http://chroniclingamerica.com/lccn/sn83025121/1877-05-23/ed-1/seq-4/;words=1848+Mahele?date1=1836&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=Hawaii&date2=1922&proxtext=1848+mahele&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=4 THE HAWAIIAN GAZETTE newspaper

See:  Archives Honolulu website for the actual konohiki, and their lands listed in the Mahele book  http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/mahelebook.pdf

ANCIENT SYSTEM OF LAND TENURE.

"The nature of the ancient system of the land tenure in this Kingdom is clearly stated in the "Principles adopted by the Board of Commissioners to quiet land titles," which were approved by the Legislative Council, Oct. 26th, 1846. It is therein declared that "When the islands were conquered by Kamehameha I., he followed the example of his predecessors, and divided out the lands among his principal warrior chiefs, retaining, however, a portion in his own hands to be cultivated or managed by his own immediate servants or attendants. Each principal chief divided his lands anew and gave them out to an inferior order of chiefs by whom they were subdivided again and again, often passing through the hands of four, five or six persons from the King down to the lowest class of tenants. All these persons were considered to have rights in the lands or the productions of them, the proportions of which rights were not clearly defined, although universally acknowledged. All persons possessing landed property, whether superior landlords, tenants or sub-tenants, owed and paid to the King not only a land tax, which he assessed at pleasure, but also service which was called for at discretion, on all the grades from the highest down. They also owed and paid some portion of the production of the land in the addition to the yearly taxes. A failure to render any of these was always considered a just cause for which to forfeit the lands. The same rights which the King possessed over the superior landlords and all under them, the various grades of landlords possessed over their inferiors, so that there was a joint ownership of the land, the King really owning the allodium, and the persons in whose hands he placed the land, holding it in trust." The tenures might be considered feudal, except that military service was not the principal condition on which they were held. The land taxes mentioned above were really rent, and by ancient usage went to the King as his private income or revenue. The ideas of a Nation and of a Government as distinguished from the person of the King first began to be recognized in the Constitution of 1840. All lands forfeited for non-payment of taxes reverted to him. His consent was necessary for any transfers of real estate in the Kingdom, and for real mortgages also or for seizure of land for debt. (Old Laws, p. 179.) When the labor tax first began to be regulated by law, every tenant was required to work one day in every week (Tuesday) for the King, and one day (Friday) for the landlord. This tax was reduced in 1840 to 36 days in the year for the King, and an equal number for the landlords. But "those landlords who did not belong to the National Council, had to pay to the King one-tenth part of all the avails of their labor days." (Old Laws, p. 51.) The above arrangement illustrates the nature of the joint ownership explained above."

"Ancient history affords many illustrations of these views. Judge Fornander states that "It had been the custom since the days of Keawenui-a-Umi on the death of the Mo'i (King) and the accession of a new one, to redivide and distribute the land of the island between the chiefs and favorites of the new monarch." (Vol. 2, p. 300.) This custom was repeatedly the occasion of a civil war. But during the long reign of Kamehameha the leading families of chiefs enjoyed a greater degree of permanence and security in the possession of their lands than had been previously know, and on the accession of his son Liholiho no general redistribution of lands took place. The common people were mere tenants at will, liable to be dispossessed at any time, and even to be stripped of their personal property at the will of their chiefs. In some respects their condition was not improved by the advent of civilization and the cessation of civil wars. Formerly chiefs lived on their lands, personally attended to their cultivation, and took a strong interest in the prosperity of their vassals, on whom they had to depend in time of war. But when the centralizing policy of the Conqueror and the attractions of the capital had drawn them away from their lands, they were succeeded by rapacious agents or konohiki(s), and the old feudal ties gradually lost their power. Besides commerce introduced new luxuries and new wants which led the chiefs into debts which they had no means of paying except by increased exactions on their people, until as David Malo expressed it, "Debt was far more oppressive than war."

"Laws were passed in 1839 and 1840 to prevent evictions without cause, and the wanton seizure of the property of tenants, but proved to be totally inadequate. Convinced that the ancient system was incompatible with their further progress in civilization, the King and chiefs resolved to separate and define the undivided shares which individual held in the lands of the Kingdom. After long and patient investigation it was finally settled that there were but three classes of persons having vested rights in the lands; 1st the King, 2nd the chiefs, and 3rd the tenants. The Land Commission decided that if the King should allow to the landlords one-third, to the tenants one-third, and retain on-third himself, "he would injure no one unless himself." The history of the several steps by which this division was carried out, and the work of centuries compressed into as many years, would be of the highest interest, but our limits will only admit of the barest outline."

A. Gora:  Intense research is needed for these land issues, because as you know, the theft of lands were based on identity theft, manipulation of legalese over time/changing of words --- many new words were developed to defraud/deceive kanaka maoli over time.....try picking up an aged dictionary pre 1893 and another one dated thereafter you'll find that the meanings have changed/deliberately changed.....and the wrongs done to our nation was recorded as the 'greatest heist made by the U.S.'

Develop your conclusions by visiting the following sites:

theiolani.blogspot.com

http://myweb.ecomplanet.com/GORA8037

http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/cgi-bin/library?a=p&p=about&c=judiciar&=en&w=utf-8  The Probates available on the site:  

This collection includes heavily used Hawaiian Kingdom probate case files in the Hawaii State Archives Judiciary Collection. So far only the following First Circuit Court Probate Case Files are available:
Probate No. 601, Estate of W. P. Leleiohoku 
Probate No. 2409, Estate of Victoria Kaahumanu Kamamalu 
Probate No. 2411, Estate of Kamehameha IV
Probate No. 2412, Estate of Kamehameha V 
Probate No. 2413, Guardianship of William C. Lunalilo
Probate No. 2414, Estate of William C. Lunalilo 
Probate No. 2425, Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop
Probate No. 2426, Estate of Charles Kanaina More cases will be added as they are requested by researchers and when these requests complete the digitization process. 

http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/mahelebook.pdf

http://chroniclingamerica.com/lccn/sn83025121/1877-05-23/ed-1/seq-4/;words=1848+Mahele?date1=1836&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=Hawaii&date2=1922&proxtext=1848+mahele&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=4

http://www.waihona.com/

http://www.ulukau.org/gsdl2.7/cgi-bin/algene which can also be accessed at archives digital files

THE LAND COMMISSION.

"The "Act to organize the Executive Departments," which was passed in 1846, provided among other things for the appointment of a "Board of Commissioners to quiet Land Titles," which was to consist of five members, one of whom should be the Attorney-General of the Kingdom, and which was to exist for two years. The Commissioners took the oath of office and organized Feb. 11, 1846. Their powers, however, were repeatedly extended, and the Board was not finally dissolved until the 31st of March, 1855. Full powers were conferred upon this Board as a court of record, to investigate and finally confirm or reject all claims to land arising previously to December 10, 1845. Its decisions were only subject to appeal to the Supreme Court, which had to be made within ninety days after the date of the Award by the Land Commission. All persons were required to file their claims to land with this Board, or be forever barred of all rights to recover the same in the court of justice. And the titles of all lands which should not have been presented to this Board for confirmation on or before the 14th day of February, 1848, were declared to belong to the Hawaiian Government. (Vol. 2, p. 93.) Aliens were not allowed to acquire any fee simple or allodial title to land, but this disability has since been removed by the Act passed July 10th, 1850, p. 146."

"The Commissioners held their first meeting for regular business on the 4th of March, 1846. They worked with great zeal and energy, visiting every part of the Islands to meet the people, and give them an opportunity to present their claims. The rule had been laid down in advance that every piece of land should be surveyed at the claimant's expense before any award would be granted for it. The filing of claims, the taking of testimony, the surveying of boundaries, and the final awards, were the successive steps which had to be gone through with in every case. When we consider that the number of claims confirmed amounted to 11,309, we can appreciate the herculean task imposed upon the commissioners, and it is not surprising that evidences of haste, that inconsistencies and imperfections can occasionally be found in their work. The character of the surveys made for the Commission will be described further on. The awards were all recorded in ten huge folios, which were deposited in the Land Office. The charges to be paid by the claimants were slight, amounting to from $6.00 to $12.00 for each of the claims of native tenants, commonly known as "kuleana(s)."

A. Gora:  Intense research is needed for these land issues, because as you know, the theft of lands were based on identity theft, manipulation of legalese over time/changing of words --- many new words were developed to defraud/deceive kanaka maoli over time.....try picking up an aged dictionary pre 1893 and another one dated thereafter you'll find that the meanings have changed/deliberately changed.....and the wrongs done to our nation was recorded as the 'greatest heist made by the U.S.'

Develop your conclusions by visiting the following sites:

theiolani.blogspot.com

http://myweb.ecomplanet.com/GORA8037

http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/gsdl/cgi-bin/library?a=p&p=about&c=judiciar&=en&w=utf-8  The Probates available on the site:  

This collection includes heavily used Hawaiian Kingdom probate case files in the Hawaii State Archives Judiciary Collection. So far only the following First Circuit Court Probate Case Files are available:
Probate No. 601, Estate of W. P. Leleiohoku 
Probate No. 2409, Estate of Victoria Kaahumanu Kamamalu 
Probate No. 2411, Estate of Kamehameha IV
Probate No. 2412, Estate of Kamehameha V 
Probate No. 2413, Guardianship of William C. Lunalilo
Probate No. 2414, Estate of William C. Lunalilo 
Probate No. 2425, Estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop
Probate No. 2426, Estate of Charles Kanaina More cases will be added as they are requested by researchers and when these requests complete the digitization process. 

http://archives1.dags.hawaii.gov/mahelebook.pdf

http://chroniclingamerica.com/lccn/sn83025121/1877-05-23/ed-1/seq-4/;words=1848+Mahele?date1=1836&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=Hawaii&date2=1922&proxtext=1848+mahele&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=4

http://www.waihona.com/

http://www.ulukau.org/gsdl2.7/cgi-bin/algene which can also be accessed at archives digital files

NATURE OF LAND COMMISSION AWARDS

"The Commissioners were not authorized to grant patents for land or to receive commutation. Their duty was to ascertain the nature and extent of each claimant's rights in land, and to issue an Award for the same which is prima facie evidence of title "and shall furnish as good and sufficient a ground upon which to maintain an action for trespass, ejectment or other real action against any other person or persons whatsoever, as if the claimant, his heirs or assigns had received a Royal Patent for the same," by Act approved July 20th, 1854. The holder of a Land Commission Award was entitled to receive a Royal Patent in fee-simple from the Minister of the Interior, on payment of the commutation to be agreed upon by His Majesty in Privy Council. In regard to this last, the Commissioners themselves state that "The share of Government or the body politic, to commuted for by any confirmed claimant wishing to obtain a fee-simple title, this Board understands from the evidence before it, to be one-third part of the value of the land without improvement which third part of unimproved value, being paid by the confirmed claimant, should extinguish the private rights of the King in the land, and leave such claimant an allodium." By a recent ruling of the Supreme Court in the case of the Ahupua'a of Papa'ikou, the value of land for purposes of commutation should be appraised as of the date of the Act."

 A. Gora:  The alodio/ano alodio system of the Monarchy/Constitutional Monarchy/Monarchical Government was locked into place since 1848.

The Supreme Court Justices acted outside of their duties, were treasonous for they made themselves superior to the Sovereign his heirs and successors, the House of Nobles, their heirs and successors from the 1884 period or shortly after Bernice Pauahi Bishop died.  

The Supreme Court Justices, treasonous persons who assisted in dethroning Queen Liliuokalani did declare their rules to be laws, without the consent of the Sovereign, and the House of Nobles, who were the only two permanent branches of the three branches which made up the Hawaiian Government.  The third branch was the House of Representatives, a temporary, voted in part of the Hawaiian Government which housed the Supreme Court Justices, the people who were not descendants/heirs and successors of the Sovereign and the House of Nobles.  This group included kanaka maoli, subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom, and others who were found out to have been American citizens/other citizens of other nations operating/conspiring against the Monarchy/Constitutional Monarchy/Monarchical Government.

Another website is posted after the HAWAIIAN REPORTS free e-book link, which is the 1822 Secret Treaty of Verona showing the pact/treaty made by Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, the U.S., England, and the Vatican.

The Hawaiian Kingdom/Kingdom of Hawaii/Ko Hawaii Pae Aina/Hawaiian Islands/Hawaiian Archipelago/Hawaiian archipelago was recognized as a Monarchy Government in 1810 during the reign of Kamehameha.

Upon Kamehameha's death in 1819, the Papal Bulls of 1492 was in place promoted by the Vatican, and replaced by the 1822 Secret Treaty of Verona. 

U.S. Congressional records shows the continued discussion of the Secret Treaty of Verona.

The Secret Treaty of Verona's purpose was to break down Monarchical Governments worldwide and support a One World Order/New World Order Government.

Plundering Upon Innocents has occurred through the business of Wars, promoted by those aligned with the 1822 Secret Treaty of Verona, supported by the J.P. Morgan bankers who were investors of bankrupt U.S. and England.  The Bank of England were also supporters.

Most recently, J.P. Morgan bankers closed down the Vatican Bank's account.  See:  http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/03/21/jp-morgan-chase-closes-vatican-bank-account.html March 2012 news.

Pope John Paul I was assassinated in 1978 after he planned to boot the clergy, Priests and Nuns from the Catholic Church if they belonged to the Masons/Freemasons.  He had also planned to go over the assets of the Vatican Bank.  Read the book IN GOD'S NAME http://www.amazon.com/In-Gods-Name-Investigation-Murder/dp/0786719842

Remind yourselves too that the assets of the Hawaiian Kingdom was stolen - $279,000+, borrowed by Charles Reed Bishop - $2-3 Million Dollars, Gold Bullions, Silver, and the Gold Coins dubbed "Coins of the Realm" which was housed at the Bishop Bank/First Hawaiian Bank, transferred to the American Savings Bank and used by the illegal State of Hawaii for building loans, etc. along with the Bonds of the Hawaiian Kingdom, etc.

Plundering Upon Innocents including the Hawaiian Archipelago/archipelago is on the records along with others nations.  See:  http://maoliworld.com/forum/topics/plundering-upon-innocents etc.

The continued move towards the New World Order/One World Order expressed itself in the League of Nations, the Council of Foreign Relations/CFR which is made up of bankers, the United States, and England the developers of the United Nations with goals of exterminating people of color, etc.

The wrongs done against a neutral, friendly, non-violent nation with the Sovereigns and House of Nobles descendants/heirs existing while exposing all the criminal activities, the Truths, the conspiracies, piracies, the wrongs, wickedness promoting continued Wars against other Nations and their people is Not O.K. 

The Permanent Treaties with the U.S. and other Nations existing remains in the hands of the Royal Families in Hawaii with evidence outstanding and issues remain unresolved.

The True Land owners are here and have reasons showing why the U.S. has no titles to lands in the Hawaiian Archipelago/archipelago, etc.

Oppositions to the Rail System, development with Pirate companies, Trusts of the Alii claimed by terrorists/treasonous persons, GMO's/Monsanto etc. and other toxic making industries, claims to alodio/ano alodio lands, Crown Lands wrongfully dubbed as ceded lands, genocide, etc. continues.

aloha.

References:

See:  http://books.google.com/books/about/Hawaiian_reports.html?id=6ckDAAAAYAAJ Volume 2 case REX vs. BOOTH and read the explanation of what the Hawaiian Government is all about, etc.  also FREE EBOOK available.

Secret Treaty of Verona:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UBXHSFr4bw 

Uploaded by ForgottenHistoryUSA on Jan 16, 2009

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_murdered_popes

Chronological list of popes who are alleged to have been murdered

• John VIII (872–882): Allegedly poisoned and then clubbed to death^[10]
• Adrian III (884–885): Allegedly poisoned^{[citation needed]}
• Leo V (903): Allegedly strangled^[11]
• John X (914–928): Allegedly smothered with pillow^[12]
• Stephen VII/(VIII) (928–931): Allegedly murdered^{[citation needed]}
• Sergius IV (1009–1012): Allegedly murdered^{[citation needed]}
• Clement II (1046–1047): Allegedly poisoned^[13]
• Damasus II (1048): Allegedly murdered^{[citation needed]}
• Boniface VIII (1294–1303): Death possibly (though unlikely) from the effects of ill-treatment one month before^[14]
• Benedict XI (1304–1305): Allegedly poisoned; no evidence provided^{[citation needed]}
• Pope Pius XI (1922-1939): Allegedly, due to the fact that his doctor was the father of Benito Mussolini's mistress.
• John Paul I (1978): death just 33 days after Papal election led to conspiracy theories.^[15]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxVaIEaVioE