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Amelia Gora Eric Poohina is one of the descendants of Nawahie........ fyihttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vl1QDVVyUUU
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Eric Po'ohina, ARE YOU CHICKEN?
Eric Po'ohina, Kanaka Maoli's should be looking at da USA, The same way Chickens look at Colonel Sanders!
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Amelia Gora Lingle was going after the Crown Lands; then watch Abercrombie's attitude..... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjELyim8q80and now watch the new governor.... as Poohina states at the end of his video.."WHERE THE HELL IS DUKE AIONA?" lol.
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No Treaty- No Law- No Land
A video about the present day plundering of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
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I KNOW SOMETHING AND I WILL TELL....
compiled by Amelia Gora (2014)
It appears that the SECRET TREATY OF VERONA - 1822 is a part of the Answer to Why World War I was fought:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UBXHSFr4bw
1916 - Congress Record - Sen. Owen Treaty of Verona
So, this is On Record:
1810 - The Hawaiian Kingdom was recognized as a Monarchy Government. Kamehameha was recognized as the King of the Hawaiian Islands.
Russia had recognized the Hawaiian archipelago. Kamehameha began to collect revenue from ships stopping over for supplies, water, food, etc.
1822 - Secret Treaty of Verona - intended to break apart Monarchy Governments Worldwide and to create a One World Order/New World Order government.
The Nations who signed were: Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, the Vatican, U.S., and England. The Vatican was complemented in maintaining OBEDIENCE among the people.
1845 - Under Kamehameha III, the Hawaiian Kingdom was recognized under the Laws of Nations.
1850 - A Permanent Friendship Treaty of the Hawaiian Kingdom and the U.S./U.S.A. was signed, approved by Congress. The Treaty involved only Kamehameha III, his heirs and successors and the U.S. President with his Secretary of State.
1865 - The U.S./U.S.A. and England financed the American Civil War.
1874 - Sanford B. Dole, conspirator, treasonous activist, penned in an article of Hawaiian History that Kamehameha V - Lot Kamehameha was the "last of the Kamehameha's".
It was during King David Kalakaua's rule that the American Representative asked for Loans and the Hawaiian Kingdom's House of Nobles said "NO" because full payment would not be received for thousands of years, and only small amounts of interest would be paid.
The JEWS in Germany granted loans to the Americans, expecting a 10% interest added to the loan amount.
1883 - Ruth Keelikolani was also named to be one of the "last of the Kamehameha's".
1884 - Bernice Pauahi married to conspirator, banker, treasonous activist Charles Reed Bishop was claimed to also be "the last of the Kamehameha's".
1885 - The treasonous Justices including several former American Civil War Generals, and Judge Albert Francis Judd son of Early Genocide leader Dr. Gerritt Parmele Judd (it was he who withheld the smallpox vaccine from the Hawaiian people and administered shots to selected people and some Hawaiians.....everyone else dropped like flies due to the sick sailors who were allowed to be brought off of the ship.) --- the Judges declared that their rules became law and they declared that Bernice Pauahi's heirs were the Trustees who were non-Hawaiian, non-family members.
The Judges disregarded the next-of-kin Kalola (w) who was a Kamehameha descendant/heir.
1893 - Hawaiian Kingdom, a Monarchy/Constitutional Monarchy Government was criminally assumed by Americans masquerading as Hawaiian subjects, supported by the U.S., England, and the Morgan bankers.
The Americans quickly assumed lands called ceded, but in reality was the Crown Lands and transferred it to the U.S. Government who did conspire in assuming lands, assets of a neutral, friendly, non-violent nation since the time of Kamehameha III who died in 1854.
1897 - Opposition to Annexation was delivered to Washington D.C. along with approximately 40,000 supporters. The Opposition by Queen Liliuokalani was hidden from the World as well as the signatures....the letter of the Queen was found at the National Archives by Kiliwehi Kekumano a few years ago, and part of the signatures - 21,000+ was found by another researcher Noelani Silva at the National Archives a few years ago also.
1899 - Peacock vs. Republic of Hawaii case in HAWAIIAN REPORTS revealed that the U.S./U.S.A. operated with the U.S. Constitution and Treaties supersedes State Laws, etc., and the American Empire operated when countries were named as being territories. The American Empire covered the Hawaiian Kingdom as a territory.
Reference: http://maoliworld.ning.com/forum/topics/did-you-know-that-the-u-s-u...
1914 - World War I began which involved the parties from the 1822 Secret Treaty of Verona.
1917 - Queen Liliuokalani died.
1919 - U.S. Congress put it on record about the 1822 Secret Treaty of Verona pact.
WORLD WAR II: TIMELINE
September 18, 1931
Japan invades Manchuria.
October 2, 1935–May 1936
Fascist Italy invades, conquers, and annexes Ethiopia.
October 25–November 1, 1936
Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy sign a treaty of cooperation on October 25; on November 1, the Rome-Berlin Axis is announced.
November 25, 1936
Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan sign the Anti-Comintern Pact, directed against the Soviet Union and the international Communist movement.
July 7, 1937
Japan invades China, initiating World War II in the Pacific.
March 11–13, 1938
Germany incorporates Austria in the Anschluss.
September 29, 1938
Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and France sign the Munich agreement which forces the Czechoslovak Republic to cede the Sudetenland, including the key Czechoslovak military defense positions, to Nazi Germany.
March 14–15, 1939
Under German pressure, the Slovaks declare their independence and form a Slovak Republic. The Germans occupy the rump Czech lands in violation of the Munich agreement, forming a Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
March 31, 1939
France and Great Britain guarantee the integrity of the borders of the Polish state.
April 7–15, 1939
Fascist Italy invades and annexes Albania.
August 23, 1939
Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union sign a nonaggression agreement and a secret codicil dividing eastern Europe into spheres of influence.
September 1, 1939
Germany invades Poland, initiating World War II in Europe.
September 3, 1939
Honoring their guarantee of Poland’s borders, Great Britain and France declare war on Germany.
September 17, 1939
The Soviet Union invades Poland from the east.
September 27–29, 1939
Warsaw surrenders on September 27. The Polish government flees into exile via Romania. Germany and the Soviet Union divide Poland between them.
November 30, 1939–March 12, 1940
The Soviet Union invades Finland, initiating the so-called Winter War. The Finns sue for an armistice and have to cede the northern shores of Lake Lagoda and the small Finnish coastline on the Arctic Sea to the Soviet Union.
April 9, 1940–June 9, 1940
Germany invades Denmark and Norway. Denmark surrenders on the day of the attack; Norway holds out until June 9.
May 10, 1940–June 22, 1940
Germany attacks western Europe—France and the neutral Low Countries. Luxembourg is occupied on May 10; the Netherlands surrenders on May 14; and Belgium surrenders on May 28. On June 22, France signs an armistice agreement by which the Germans occupy the northern half of the country and the entire Atlantic coastline. In southern France, a collaborationist regime with its capital in Vichy is established.
June 10, 1940
Italy enters the war. Italy invades southern France on June 21.
June 28, 1940
The Soviet Union forces Romania to cede the eastern province of Bessarabia and the northern half of Bukovina to the Soviet Ukraine.
June 14, 1940–August 6, 1940
The Soviet Union occupies the Baltic States on June 14–18, engineering Communist coup d’états in each of them on July 14–15, and then annexing them as Soviet Republics on August 3–6.
July 10, 1940–October 31, 1940
The air war known as the Battle of Britain ends in defeat for Nazi Germany.
August 30, 1940
Second Vienna Award: Germany and Italy arbitrate a decision on the division of the disputed province of Transylvania between Romania and Hungary. The loss of northern Transylvania forces Romanian King Carol to abdicate in favor of his son, Michael, and brings to power a dictatorship under General Ion Antonescu.
September 13, 1940
The Italians invade British-controlled Egypt from Italian-controlled Libya.
September 27, 1940
Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact.
October 1940
Italy invades Greece from Albania on October 28.
November 1940
Slovakia (November 23), Hungary (November 20), and Romania (November 22) join the Axis.
February 1941
The Germans send the Afrika Korps to North Africa to reinforce the faltering Italians.
March 1, 1941
Bulgaria joins the Axis.
April 6, 1941–June 1941
Germany, Italy, Hungary, and Bulgaria invade and dismemberYugoslavia. Yugoslavia surrenders on April 17. Germany and Bulgaria invade Greece in support of the Italians. Resistance in Greece ceases in early June 1941.
April 10, 1941
The leaders of the terrorist Ustasa movement proclaim the so-called Independent State of Croatia. Recognized immediately by Germany and Italy, the new state includes the province of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Croatia joins the Axis powers formally on June 15, 1941.
June 22, 1941–November 1941
Nazi Germany and its Axis partners (except Bulgaria) invade the Soviet Union. Finland, seeking redress for the territorial losses in the armistice concluding the Winter War, joins the Axis just before the invasion. The Germans quickly overrun the Baltic States and, joined by the Finns, lay siege to Leningrad (St. Petersburg) by September. In the center, the Germans capture Smolensk in early August and drive on Moscow by October. In the south, German and Romanian troops capture Kiev (Kyiv) in September and capture Rostov on the Don River in November.
December 6, 1941
A Soviet counteroffensive drives the Germans from the Moscow suburbs in chaotic retreat.
December 7, 1941
Japan bombs Pearl Harbor.
December 8, 1941
The United States declares war on Japan, entering World War II. Japanese troops land in the Philippines, French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia), and British Singapore. By April 1942, the Philippines, Indochina, and Singapore are under Japanese occupation.
December 11–13, 1941
Nazi Germany and its Axis partners declare war on the United States.
May 30, 1942–May 1945
The British bomb Köln (Cologne), bringing the war home to Germany for the first time. Over the next three years Anglo-American bombing reduces urban Germany to rubble.
June 1942
British and US navies halt the Japanese naval advance in the central Pacific at Midway.
June 28, 1942–September 1942
Germany and her Axis partners launch a new offensive in the Soviet Union. German troops fight their way into Stalingrad (Volgograd) on the Volga River by mid-September and penetrate deep into the Caucasus after securing the Crimean Peninsula.
August–November 1942
US troops halt the Japanese island-hopping advance towards Australia at Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.
October 23–24, 1942
British troops defeat the Germans and Italians at El Alamein in Egypt, sending the Axis forces in chaotic retreat across Libya to the eastern border of Tunisia.
November 8, 1942
US and British troops land at several points on the beaches of Algeria and Morocco in French North Africa. The failure of the Vichy French troops to defend against the invasion enables the Allies to move swiftly to the western border of Tunisia, and triggers the German occupation of southern France on November 11.
November 23, 1942–February 2, 1943
Soviet troops counterattack, breaking through the Hungarian and Romanian lines northwest and southwest of Stalingrad and trapping the German Sixth Army in the city. Forbidden by Hitler to retreat or try to break out of the Soviet ring, the survivors of the Sixth Army surrender on January 30 and February 2, 1943.
May 13, 1943
Axis forces in Tunisia surrender to the Allies, ending the North African campaign.
July 10, 1943
US and British troops land on Sicily. By mid-August, the Allies control Sicily.
July 5, 1943
The Germans launch a massive tank offensive near Kursk in the Soviet Union. The Soviets blunt the attack within a week and begin an offensive initiative of their own.
July 25, 1943
The Fascist Grand Council deposes Benito Mussolini, enabling Italian marshall Pietro Badoglio to form a new government.
September 8, 1943
The Badoglio government surrenders unconditionally to the Allies. The Germans immediately seize control of Rome and northern Italy, establishing a puppet Fascist regime under Mussolini, who is freed from imprisonment by German commandos on September 12.
September 9, 1943
Allied troops land on the beaches of Salerno near Naples.
November 6, 1943
Soviet troops liberate Kiev.
January 22, 1944
Allied troops land successfully near Anzio, just south of Rome.
March 19, 1944
Fearing Hungary’s intention to desert the Axis partnership, the Germans occupy Hungary and compel the regent, Admiral Miklos Horthy, to appoint a pro-German minister president.
June 4, 1944
Allied troops liberate Rome. Within six weeks, Anglo-American bombers could hit targets in eastern Germany for the first time.
June 6, 1944
British and US troops successfully land on the Normandy beaches of France, opening a “Second Front” against the Germans.
June 22, 1944
The Soviets launch a massive offensive in eastern Byelorussia (Belarus), destroying the German Army Group Center and driving westward to the Vistula River across from Warsaw in central Poland by August 1.
July 25, 1944
Anglo-American forces break out of the Normandy beachhead and race eastward towards Paris.
August 1, 1944–October 5, 1944
The non-communist underground Home Army rises up against the Germans in an effort to liberate Warsaw before the arrival of Soviet troops. The Soviet advance halts on the east bank of the Vistula. On October 5, the Germans accept the surrender of the remnants of the Home Army forces fighting in Warsaw.
August 15, 1944
Allied forces land in southern France near Nice and advance rapidly towards the Rhine River to the northeast.
August 20–25, 1944
Allied troops reach Paris. On August 25, Free French forces, supported by Allied troops, enter the French capital. By September, the Allies reach the German border; by December, virtually all of France, most of Belgium, and part of the southern Netherlands are liberated.
August 23, 1944
The appearance of Soviet troops on the Prut River induces the Romanian opposition to overthrow the Antonescu regime. The new government concludes an armistice and immediately switches sides in the war. The Romanian turnaround compels Bulgaria to surrender on September 8, and the Germans to evacuate Greece, Albania, and southern Yugoslavia in October.
August 29, 1944–October 28, 1944
Under the leadership of the Slovak National Council, consisting of both Communists and non-Communists, underground Slovak resistance units rise against the Germans and the indigenous fascist Slovak regime. In late October, the Germans capture Banská Bystrica, the headquarters of the uprising, and put an end to organized resistance.
September 12, 1944
Finland concludes an armistice with the Soviet Union, leaving the Axis partnership.
October 20, 1944
US troops land in the Philippines.
October 15, 1944
The Hungarian fascist Arrow Cross movement carries out a coup d’état with German support to prevent the Hungarian government from pursuing negotiations for surrender to the Soviets.
December 16, 1944
The Germans launch a final offensive in the west, known as theBattle of the Bulge, in an attempt to re-conquer Belgium and split the Allied forces along the German border. By January 1, 1945, the Germans are in retreat.
January 12, 1945
The Soviets launch a new offensive, liberating Warsaw and Krakow in January, capturing Budapest after a two-month siege on February 13, driving the Germans and their Hungarian collaborators out of Hungary in early April, forcing the surrender of Slovakia with the capture of Bratislava on April 4, and capturing Vienna on April 13.
March 7, 1945
US troops cross the Rhine River at Remagen.
April 16, 1945
The Soviets launch their final offensive, encircling Berlin.
April 1945
Partisan units, led by Yugoslav Communist leader Josip Tito, capture Zagreb and topple the Ustasa regime. The top Ustasa leaders flee to Italy and Austria.
April 30, 1945
Hitler commits suicide.
May 7, 1945
Germany surrenders to the western Allies.
May 9, 1945
Germany surrenders to the Soviets.
May 1945
Allied troops conquer Okinawa, the last island stop before the Japanese islands.
August 6, 1945
The United States drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
August 8, 1945
The Soviet Union declares war on Japan and invades Manchuria.
August 9, 1945
The United States drops an atomic bomb on Nagasaki.
September 2, 1945
Having agreed in principle to unconditional surrender on August 14, 1945, Japan formally surrenders, ending World War II.
Reference: http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007306
1950 - U.S. Congress documented that Kamehameha V - Lot Kamehameha was the "last" of the Kamehameha's.
1959 - Statehood was signed by U.S. President Eisenhower through Executive Order.
1960+ - Opposition to Statehood was filed by a Kamehameha descendant named Harold Abel Cathcart, a retired School principal who answered a legal ad if anyone opposed the Statehood Order, etc.
Harold Abel Cathcart was a first cousin of my great grandmother Mele Keawe Kauweloa, who was a Kamehameha III descendant/heir.
1960+ - Kanaka Maoli continued to oppose U.S. claims in the Hawaiian Islands. The Kamehameha's, Kamehameha III's descendants/heirs exists, Pirates, Privateers, Parasites, Conspirators promoting, perpetuating Crimes against Kanaka Maoli which included beatings, murders, tongue removal - cutting out, pulling out, of anyone speaking out; many of the Royal Family members were beaten, killed, thrown on Kalaupapa, Molokai, leper colony etc. in an attempt to mask the crimes against humanity against a neutral, friendly, non -violent nation whose people have title, own the lands, resources, mineral rights, revenues, assets, etc. for more than a thousand years.
The application of the Treaty of 1850 based on Article I and Article XIV and charges of piracy(ies), etc. will be forthcoming.
Informing many because..............
Something STINKS...............(.and I know it's NOT ME) WICKED TO THE MAX!
aloha.
Reference: http://maoliworld.ning.com/forum/topics/exposing-some-of-the-highli... theiolani.blogspot.com http://myweb.ecomplanet.com/GORA8037 etc.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yd77nc0tZz8
"Be Honest About the History of Our Country": Remembering the Historian Howard Zinn at 90
"PEOPLE HAVE THE POWER" -- Howard Zinn
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wos-dDxpJlQ
John Lennon - Power To The People
Guest Column by Vladimir Putin - Paul Craig Roberts
Guest Column by Vladimir Putin - Paul Craig Roberts
Guest Column By Russian President Vladimir Putin - Paul ...
Guest Column by Russian President Vladimir Putin - Paul ...
Paul Craig Roberts: - Putin Speaks
PressTV: Will Putin realize Russia holds cards? by Paul ...
Paul Craig Roberts - The Truthseeker
Dr. Paul Craig Roberts: Guest Column By Russian President ...
http://www.paulcraigroberts.org/2014/07/2... - Vladimir Putin ...
http://www.paulcraigroberts.org/2014/07/... - Vladimir Putin ...
Guest Column by Vladimir Putin
THE WORLD SHOULD REMEMBER THE LESSONS OF PAST WARS AND NOT REPEAT MISTAKES
August 10, 2014 “ICH” – “Press TV” – Russia’s President Vladimir Putin has condemned political ambitions that threatened peace in Europe during the First World War, saying the international community should learn the lesson from the deadly conflict.
Speaking at the opening ceremony of the Poklonnaya Hill monument in the Russian capital, Moscow, Putin said the First World War is a reminder of what happens when unreasonable ambitions prevail over common sense.
The monument honors the Russian soldiers who died during World War I.
“It serves as a reminder of what aggression and selfishness, exorbitant ambitions of heads of state and political elites prevailing over common sense can lead to,” Putin said on Friday.
Those ambitions put “the world’s most trouble-free continent – Europe” in danger instead of preserving peace, the Russian president added.
Putin also stated that it is time for humanity to understand and accept the truth that “violence begets violence,” and that the path to peace and prosperity lies in “goodwill, dialogue and remembering the lessons of past wars.”
Putin said history shows an “unwillingness to listen to each other” and respecting each other’s interests can have huge costs for the whole world.
On the eve of the First World War, he added, Russia did its best to persuade Europe to resolve the conflict peacefully and to avoid bloodshed.
“But [Europe] turned a deaf ear to Russian pleas,” Putin said.
Russia has recently been concerned over the fate of the former Soviet Union republic of Ukraine, where pro-Moscow forces in the east are fighting the Ukrainian government mainly in Donetsk and Lugansk.
World War I, which started on July 28, 1914 and lasted until November 11, 1918, is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history of mankind, taking lives of almost 16 million people.
Note:
Vladimir Putin "World War I, which started on July 28, 1914 and lasted until November 11, 1918, is considered one of the deadliest conflicts in history of mankind, taking lives of almost 16 million people."
Remember that everyone in the World did Not know how World War I began and How it was Funded.............
They did NOT know the Premeditation of taking over, usurping Queen Liliuokalani in 1893, they did NOT know that the U.S. Representatives asked for Loans from the Hawaiian Kingdom and was denied..........
They did NOT know that the U.S. and England were bankrupt due to the American Civil War and the debt was NOT paid off until 1934! or AFTER World War II.
This is what the current story shows....World War I began three (3) YEARS before Queen Liliuokalani died (1917):
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‘1914 was an unbelievably complicated world': Historians still divided on who caused First World War
Keven Drews, Canadian Press | August 4, 2014 11:14 AM ET
More from Canadian Press
It’s been 100 years since Europe’s major powers, and their colonies and dominions, went to war, but the passage of time has done little to settle the debate about who or what was responsible for the First World War.
Prof. Michael Neiberg of the U.S. Army War College in Carlisle, Pa., said some blame those who held political power at the time, and their divergent systems of government, while others insist it’s difficult to assign blame at the feet of any one culprit.
“If anybody goes looking for simple causes, they’re going to either be disappointed or they’re going to reduce the history so much that it won’t make sense anymore — 1914 was an unbelievably complicated world,” said Neiberg.
Europe was a divided region in August 1914. Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente, while Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy made up the Triple Alliance.
Many view the assassination on June 28, 1914, of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at the hands of a Serbian nationalist as the spark that ignited the conflict.
Timeline of key Canadian events before and during First World War
June 28, 1914: Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie are assassinated in Sarajevo.
Aug. 4, 1914: Britain goes to war against Germany, Canada is automatically included.
Aug. 22, 1914: Canada passes the War Measures Act, giving the federal government the power to do anything deemed necessary “for the security, defence, peace, order and welfare of Canada.” It allows for the internment of enemy aliens. About 8,500 people were interned over the next four years.
Oct. 1, 1914: First Canadian Division sails for Britain.
Nov. 1, 1914: HMS Good Hope is sunk at the Battle of Coronel off the coast of Chile, taking four Canadian midshipmen down with her. They are the first Canadians killed in action.
Feb. 16, 1915: First Canadian Division arrives in France.
April 22-28, 1915: Second Battle of Ypres. Canadians hit by chlorine gas attack. First Canadian Division suffers over 6,000 casualties.
Sept. 17, 1915: Second Canadian Division arrives in France.
June 1, 1915: Prohibition starts to go into effect, province by province. By 1921, every province except Quebec and B.C. adopted prohibition.
June 2-13, 1915: Battle of Mount Sorrel. Some 8,000 Canadian casualties.
July 1, 1916: Opening day of the Battle of the Somme. The Newfoundland Regiment sent about 780 men into the attack and 684 were killed or wounded. The battle dragged out until mid-November, with the Canadian Corps joining the fighting in September. Canadian casualties: 24,029.
April 9-12, 1917: Canadians storm and capture Vimy Ridge. Casualties: 10,602.
Aug. 29, 1917: Canada’s conscription bill becomes law.
Sept. 20, 1917: The War-time Elections Act becomes law, giving the vote in federal elections to women who were British subjects otherwise qualified as to age, race and residence; and the wife, widow, mother, sister or daughter of any person in the naval forces inside or outside Canada or any person in the military forces outside Canada who was serving or served with Canada or Great Britain.
Oct. 26, 1917: Canadian Corps opens the Battle of Passchendaele.
Nov. 14, 1917: Canadian Corps winds up Passchendaele battle. Casualties: 15,654.
Nov. 20, 1917: Canada’s first Income Tax Act becomes law.
Dec. 6, 1917: Accident involving munitions ship in Halifax harbour triggers explosion that kills 1,630 people.
Dec. 17, 1917: Borden’s Unionist government wins federal election. Union: 150, Liberal 83, three others.
March 28, 1918: Anti-conscription riots rock Quebec City.
May 24, 1918: An Act to confer the Electoral Franchise upon Women extends the vote to women who were British subjects, 21 years of age, and otherwise meet the qualifications entitling a man to vote. It becomes effective Jan. 1, 1919.
Aug. 8-11, 1918: The Battle of Amiens. The Canadian Corps spearheads the attack. German general calls Aug. 8 “the black day of the German Army.” Casualties: 9,074
Aug. 8-Nov. 11, 1918: The Hundred Days, a series of hard-fought battles, Allied advances and German retreats, brings Canadians to Mons, Belgium on final day of the war.
Nov. 11, 1918: An armistice goes into effect at 11 a.m. and the shooting and shelling stops.
The heir to the Austrian throne and his wife were gunned down in Sarajevo.
About a week later, Austria-Hungary received a pledge from Germany, known as the “blank cheque,” for any support necessary to deal with Serbia.
But on July 21, Russia, an ally of Serbia, warned Austria-Hungary against taking action against the Balkan state. Nonetheless, just two days later, Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with an ultimatum and set a 48-hour deadline.
Serbia’s response was rejected, and Austria-Hungary declared war July 28.
On July 31, Russia mobilized its troops, and the next day Germany declared war on Russia. Within days France, Belgium and Britain were bought into the war.
Historian Margaret MacMillan, a professor at the University of Oxford and author of The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914, said the decisions — made or not made — in those final days are significant in order to understand the conflict’s origins.
“When you get right down to the summer of 1914, you have to look at the human decisions and the human errors that were made, and I think, until very, very late on, they could have avoided a war, and they could well have passed through 1914, another moment of crisis, and not had a war,” she said in a recent interview.
In her book, MacMillan explored why a century of relative peace didn’t endure in Europe considering there had been no major continental conflicts since 1815.
MacMillan said tensions were escalating between the two power blocs, and some nations wanted to expand their territory at the expense of others, especially in the Balkans. Russia was growing and developing with speed, which worried Germany.
Heightened nationalism existed in Europe, as well as a “psychological drift” in which decision-makers thought war could be useful, she added.
“Whenever there was a crisis, there’d be talk of a general war in a rather sort of casual way,” she said. “You know, people would say, ‘when the war comes,’ rather than ‘if a war comes,’ and so I think you get a sort of psychological acceptance, in some circles, that war might be something good.”
Systems of government also complicated matters. In Britain, cabinet had to approve a declaration of war, while in Germany and Russia, the kaiser and the czar, respectively, had sole authority over foreign policy and the military. As a result, power was concentrated in the hands of people who weren’t necessarily fit to wield it, MacMillian said.
Prof. William Philpott of King’s College London says the lack of an international body that was monitoring global conflicts also contributed to the chain of events.
“There was no collective security model that we had firstly in the League of Nations after the war, and later in the United Nations, restraining or at least tempering that sort of international crisis,” he said.
What should have been a regional war in the Balkans, therefore, became a widespread European conflict, Philpott said.
Russia was humiliated during a crisis in Bosnia in 1908, and a dispute over Morocco in 1911 exposed a growing rivalry between France and Germany, he said.
But war could still have been averted had it not been for Austria-Hungary’s stance against Serbia, he said.
“So in some ways it’s the nexus of policy between Austria and Russia with Serbia caught in the middle that is the significant factor, I think,” he said.
Philpott said Russia could have accepted that Austria was right, and Serbia was wrong, over the assassination of the archduke, and opted against backing Serbia so strongly. But there were forces in Russia who felt Serbia needed support.
Neiberg, of the U.S. Army War College, said the archduke’s assassination didn’t worry many major powers but the reaction of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia created problems.
The assassination made Austria-Hungary the victim, not the aggressor, he said.
“They make up their minds that the circumstances the assassination created gives them the perfect cover to launch a pre-emptive war,” Neiberg said.
“The second problem is that instead of telling them not to do it, the Germans encouraged them to do it.”
The true crisis was sparked when Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with the ultimatum, said Neiberg.
“July 23 is the real bombshell,” he said. “It’s why we call this period the July Crisis, and not the June Crisis. So when everybody sees that ultimatum, then they know how serious the situation in Europe is.”
Then Russia mobilized, Neiberg said, leaving Germany believing it could do what it needed to do to defend itself. The average German citizen honestly believed Russia was threatening invasion.
And so Germany mobilized its armies to defend itself against Russia, but seven of eight German field armies invaded Belgium, France and Luxembourg under war plans developed years earlier.
Related
“Once you get Britain and France in it, you get the full force of the British and French empires,” he said.
“You get everything from Vancouver to Cape Town to Sydney to Auckland to India. You get all of that in.”
The crisis unfolded “unbelievably quickly” over the span of a week, Neiberg added. That was by design as Austria-Hungary forced the timetable forward.
MacMillan doubts historians will ever settle the debate of what or who is to blame for the First World War, and that’s probably for the best.
“We shouldn’t be trying to tell even schoolchildren that there is just a simple explanation of the war,” she said.
“I think we should tell them that … there’s a discussion, and that it’s all right to have different views on what happened in history. Some things you just won’t get a consensus.”
No Treaty- No Law- No Land...See More
Note: The Pearl Harbor Frauds evolved into a MONSTER created by the U.S. affecting Hawaii and the World..................
Howard Zinn, although a card carrying Communist according to the article above, gave a unique look/realistic view of Pearl Harbor, etc.
This film explores the U.S. History starting with ABRAHAM LINCOLN..........Lincoln had affirmed that the 1849 U.S. Constitution could not be changed, and the 1849 Treaty of the U.S. and the Hawaiian Kingdom was perpetual with the Sovereigns heirs and successors. (Watch, listen to this video.) Lincoln was assassinated by John Booth...........there's a John Booth from the Hawaiian Islands who went missing about that period..........this Booth was a descendant of Joseph Booth, a hater of 'niggers' documented in the Hawaiian Islands whose descendants played major roles in dethroning Queen Liliuokalani in 1893.
The moves to criminally assume the Hawaiian Islands was made with conspirators, treasonous persons now documented with the U.S., England, J.P. Morgan bankers, Bank of England/International bankers, et. als. because of bankruptcy due to the American Civil War. The American Civil War debts made in 1865 did not get paid off until 1934! (so, what of the debts of World War I, World War II, Iraq War etc.)
Organized crimes by bankrupt governments are at the base of what's going on today.........get the picture?
Read http://maoliworld.com/.../discovery-of-crimes-premeditatio... which shows MORE PREMEDITATION/ADMISSIONS of Crimes against the Hawaiian Kingdom, Sovereign, the Alii, kanaka maoli, friends, et. als.
To Review All on Pearl Harbor Should Give Much of the Background Which Exposes the Reasons Why the U.S. in on a downward spiral........and Queen Liliuokalani said that if the U.S. did not make corrections, it would fall apart..........we are witness to the Frauds, Corruption, Criminal deviance/activities affecting ALL IN THE WORLD TODAY.
The main points being that the U.S. has No Title to lands in the Hawaiian Islands/Archipelago/ Hawaiian Kingdom/Kingdom of Hawaii/Ko Hawaii Pae Aina. Rents and Leases are due.
Pirates are documented. Nations are to claim their Pirates for their removal. Pirates do not belong in the Hawaiian Islands................the Perpetual Treaty remains upholding the 1849 U.S. Constitution. Also see Hawaiian Reports, Volume 1 Landais case.
aloha.
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